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1、R.LandauerIrreversibilityandHeatGenerationintheComputingProcessAbstract:Itisarguedthatcomputingmachinesinevitablyinvolvedeviceswhichperformlogicalfunctionsthatdonothaveasingle-valuedinverse.Thislogicalirreversibilityisassociatedwithphysicalirreversibi
2、lityandrequiresaminimalheatgeneration,permachinecycle,typicallyoftheorderofkTforeachirreversiblefunction.Thisdissipationservesthepurposeofstandardizingsignalsandmakingthemindependentoftheirexactlogicalhistory.Twosimple,butrepresentative,modelsofbistab
3、ledevicesaresubjectedtoamoredetailedanalysisofswitchingkineticstoyieldtherelationshipbetweenspeedandenergydissipation,andtoestimatetheeffectsoferrorsinducedbythermalfluctuations.1.IntroductionThesearchforfasterandmorecompactcomputingcir-degreeoffreedo
4、massociatedwiththeinformation.Clas-cuitsleadsdirectlytothequestion:WhataretheultimatesicallyadegreeoffreedomisassociatedwithkTofphysicallimitationsontheprogressinthisdirection?Inthermalenergy.Anyswitchingsignalspassingbetweenpracticethelimitationsarel
5、ikelytobesetbytheneedfordevicesmustthereforehavethismuchenergytooverrideaccesstoeachlogicalelement.Atthistime,however,itisthenoise.Thisargumentdoesnotmakeitclearthatthestillhardtounderstandwhatphysicalrequirementsthissignalenergymustactuallybedissipat
6、ed.Analternativeputsonthedegreesoffreedomwhichbearinformation.wayofanticipatingourconclusionsistorefertotheargu-TheexistenceofastoragemediumascompactasthementsbyBrillouinandearlierauthors,assummarizedbygeneticoneindicatesthatonecangoveryfarintheBrillo
7、uininhisbook,ScienceandInformationTheory,'directionofcompactness,atleastifwearepreparedtototheeffectthatthemeasurementprocessrequiresamakesacrificesinthewayofspeedandrandomaccess.dissipationoftheorderofkT.Thecomputingprocess,Withoutconsideringthequest
8、ionofaccess,however,wherethesettingofvariouselementsdependsuponthewecanshow,oratleastverystronglysuggest,thatinfor-settingofotherelementsatprevioustimes,iscloselyakinmationprocessingisinevitablyaccompaniedbyacertaintoameasurement.Itisdifficult
