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1、PageiiiFoundationsofNeuralNetworks,FuzzySystems,andKnowledgeEngineeringNikolaK.KasabovABradfordBookTheMITPressCambridge,MassachusettsLondon,EnglandPageivSecondprinting,1998©1996MassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmayberepr
2、oducedinanyformbyanyelectronicormechanicalmeans(includingphotocopying,recording,orinformationstorageandretrieval)withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.ThisbookwassetinTimesRomanbyAscoTradeTypesettingLtd.,HongKongandwasprintedandboundintheUnitedState
3、sofAmerica.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataKasabov,NikolaK.Foundationsofneuralnetworks,fuzzysystems,andknowledgeengineering/NikolaK.Kasabov.p.cm."ABradfordbook."Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN0-262-11212-4(hc:alk.paper)1.Expe
4、rtsystems(Computerscience)2.Neuralnetworks(Computerscience)3.Fuzzysystems.4.Artificialintelligence.I.Title.QA76.76.E95K3751996006.3—dc2095-50054CIPPagevTomymotherandthememoryofmyfather,andtomyfamily,Diana,Kapka,andAssiaPageviiContentsForewordbyShun-ichiA
5、marixiPrefacexiii1TheFacultyofKnowledgeEngineeringandProblemSolving11.1IntroductiontoAIparadigms11.2Heuristicproblemsolving;geneticalgorithms31.3Whyexpertsystems,fuzzysystems,neuralnetworks,andhybridsystems14forknowledgeengineeringandproblemsolving?1.4Ge
6、nericandspecificAIproblems:Patternrecognitionandclassification191.5Speechandlanguageprocessing281.6Prediction421.7Planning,monitoring,diagnosis,andcontrol491.8Optimization,decisionmaking,andgamesplaying571.9Ageneralapproachtoknowledgeengineering651.10Pro
7、blemsandexercises681.11Conclusion721.12Suggestedreading732KnowledgeEngineeringandSymbolicArtificialIntelligence752.1Data,information,andknowledge:Majorissuesinknowledgeengineering752.2Dataanalysis,datarepresentation,anddatatransformation802.3Informations
8、tructuresandknowledgerepresentation892.4Methodsforsymbolmanipulationandinference:Inferenceasmatching;100inferenceasasearch2.5Propositionallogic1102.6Predicatelogic:PROLOG1132.7Productionsystems1182.8Expertsystems1282.9Unce
