Causality in natural science (1954)

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1、file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Juan%20Carlos/Mis%20docum...CAUSALITYINNATURALSCIENCEByVICTORF.LENZEN,PH.D.ProfessorofPhysicsUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeley,CaliforniaCHARLESCTHOMAS·PUBLISHERSpringfield·Illinois·U.S.A.-iii-CHARLESCTHOMAS·PUBLISHERBANNERSTONEHOUS

2、E301-327EastLawrenceAvenue,Springfield,Illinois,U.S.A.PublishedsimultaneouslyintheBritishCommonwealthofNationsbyBLACKWELLSCIENTIFICPUBLICATIONS,LTD.,OXFORD,ENGLANDPublishedsimultaneouslyinCanadabyTHERYERSONPRESS,TORONTOThismonographisprotectedbycopyright.Nopartofitma

3、ybereproducedinanymannerwithoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher.1de9004/03/200906:13p.m.file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Juan%20Carlos/Mis%20docum...Copyright1954,byCHARLESCTHOMAS·PUBLISHERLibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber:53-12610PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAme

4、rica-iv-CONTENTSI.THENATUREOFCAUSALITY31.Introduction32.FieldofCausality43.CausationCollision64.CausalityasEfficacy85.TheCriticismofHume116.CausalityasUniformity127.CausalityasIdentity138.DynamicalandStatisticalCausality14II.PRINCIPLEOFCAUSALITY161.ExampleofDynamical

5、Causality162.ApplicabilityofFunctionalRelations173.RecurrenceofCausalSequences194.PrincipleofCausality205.CognitiveStatusofPrinciple216.ExtensionofPrincipleofCausality25III.COGNITIONOFCAUSALITY271.CausalStrandsinNature272.ObservationalMethods283.Mill'sCanonsofInducti

6、on294.Experimentation325.FramesofSpaceandTime336.NatureofExperiment367.Observation38IV.CAUSALITYINCLASSICALPHYSICS401.TheRoleofMechanics40-v-2.AncientandMechanics413.LawsofMotion424.ForceasCause435.DifferentialEquationofMotion446.LawsofConversation467.ReversibleMotio

7、n498.MechanicsofFields502de9004/03/200906:13p.m.file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Juan%20Carlos/Mis%20docum...9.ClassicalMicrophysics51V.CAUSALITYINBIOLOGY541.PhysicalExplanationofVitalProcesses542.TheLawsofThermodynamics563.PhysicalbasisofMetabolism584.KineticTh

8、eoryofDiffusion605.TheMacrophysicsoftheNervousSystem616.MicroscopicTheoryofNeuralCircuits647.Cybernetics668.OrderinBiology679.Thete