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1、Chapter2BasicCulturalTypesItreferstoboththeconditionsthatcontributetothewayinwhichapeopleperceiveandthinkabouttheworld,andthemannerinwhichtheyliveinthatworld.CautionaryremarksforonetobetterusetheculturaltypesThevalueoftheculturemaynotbethevalueofallindividualswithin
2、theculture.Itwouldbeusefulifyoutrytovisualizeeachculture’sresponsetoaspecificpatternasapointonacontinuumratherthanoneofonlytwopossibleresponses.Thepatternareinterrelatedwithahostofothervaluesanddonotoperateinisolation.Commonculturalpatternsthatcouldbesaidtoholdforth
3、ewholecountrymusttobelimitedtothedominantcultureineachcountry.Thereareliterallyhundredsofculturalpatternsfoundineveryculture.Cultureschangeandthereforesodothevaluesoftheculture.Inmanyinstances,wefindcontradictoryvaluesinaparticularculture.Hofstede'sDimensionsGeertH.
4、HofstedewasbornonOctober2,1928inHaarlem,theNetherlands.Hofstedeismostwellknownforhisworkonfourdimensionsofculturalvariability:UncertaintyAvoidance,PowerDistance,Masculinity-Femininity,Individualism-CollectivismThesedimensionswerearrivedinhis1980publication,"Culture'
5、sconsequences:Internationaldifferencesinwork-relatedvalues."Thestudytookexistingsurveydata(samplesizeof116,000)collectedfromamultinationalcorporation(IBM).40countries(doneintheearly1970s)IndividualismvsCollectivismOnindividualistculturesHofstede’srespondentssaidthat
6、individualsshouldlookaftertheirowninterestsandtheinterestsoftheirimmediatefamily(husband,wife,andchildren).Ontheotherhand,incollectivistculturesitwassaidthatanypersonthroughbirthandothereventsbelongstooneormorecohesivecollectives(“in-group”),fromwhichheorshecannotde
7、tachhimselforherself.Thein-group(forexample,theextendedfamilywithgrandparentsandeitherpaternalormaternaluncles,aunts,andcousins---oronalargerscale,thenationanditsgovernmentalinstitutions)shouldprotecttheinterestsofitsmembersbutinexchangecanexpecttheirpermanentloyalt
8、y.TraitsofHighlyIndividualistCulturesEmphasisonindividualinitiative,decisions,andachievement.TraitsofCollectivistCulturesEmphasisonbelongi
