中级宏观经济学macro-ch1

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1、第2篇古典理论：长期中的经济PartⅡClassicalTheory:TheEconomyintheLongRunCHAPTERTHREENationalIncome:WhereitComesFromandWhereitGoes国民收入：从哪里来到哪里去Inthischapteryouwilllearn:whatdeterminestheeconomy’stotaloutput/income是什么决定了经济的总产出/收入howthepricesofthefactorsofproductionarede

2、termined产出要素的价格是如何决定的howtotalincomeisdistributed总收入如何分配whatdeterminesthedemandforgoodsandservices什么因素决定产品与服务需求howequilibriuminthegoodsmarketisachieved如何实现产品与服务市场的均衡2Figure3.1TheCircularFlowofDollarsThroughtheEconomy货币在经济中的循环流程产品与服务市场消费企业收益家庭企业政府政府购买投资税收公众

3、储蓄金融市场私人储蓄收入生产要素市场生产要素支付3OutlineofmodelAclosedeconomy,market-clearingmodel封闭经济，市场出清Supplyside供应方factormarkets(supply,demand,price)生产要素市场（供给、需求、价格）determinationofoutput/income产出/收入的决定Demandside需求方determinantsofC,I,andGC，I，G的决定Equilibrium均衡goodsmarket产品与服务市

4、场loanablefundsmarket可贷资金市场4FactorsofproductionK=capital,K=资本tools,machines,andstructuresusedinproduction用于生产的工具、机器、厂房等L=labor,L=劳动力thephysicalandmentaleffortsofworkers工人的体力和脑力劳动5TheproductionfunctiondenotedY=F(K,L)showshowmuchoutput(Y)theeconomycanproduce

5、fromKunitsofcapitalandLunitsoflabor.产出Y是资本K和劳动L的函数reflectstheeconomy’sleveloftechnology.反映经济的技术水平exhibitsconstantreturnstoscale.具有规模报酬不变的特征6Returnstoscale:areviewInitiallyY1=F(K1,L1)Scaleallinputsbythesamefactorz:K2=zK1andL2=zL1(Ifz=1.25,thenallinputsarei

6、ncreasedby25%)Whathappenstooutput,Y2=F(K2,L2)?Ifconstantreturnstoscale规模报酬不变,Y2=zY1Ifincreasingreturnstoscale规模报酬递增,Y2>zY1Ifdecreasingreturnstoscale规模报酬递减,Y2

7、ant,increasing,ordecreasingreturnstoscale讨论下列生产函数是规模报酬不变、递增还是递减:8Assumptionsofthemodel模型假设Technologyisfixed技术水平不变.Theeconomy’ssuppliesofcapitalandlaborarefixedat经济总资本和劳动力的供给不变9DeterminingGDPOutputisdeterminedbythefixedfactorsuppliesandthefixedstateoftec

8、hnology产出由固定的生产要素供给和固定的技术水平决定:10Thedistributionofnationalincome国民收入的分配determinedbyfactorprices,thepricesperunitthatfirmspayforthefactorsofproduction.生产要素价格的决定，企业支付给生产要素的报酬ThewageisthepriceofL,劳动力的价格是工资therentalrate