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1、APPLICATIONSOFSOCIALNORMSTHEORYTOOTHERHEALTHANDSOCIALJUSTICEISSUESAlanD.Berkowitz,Ph.D.Trumansburg,N.Y.Revised,March2002ForthcomingasChapter16inTheSocialNormsApproachtoPreventingSchoolandCollegeAgeSubstanceAbuse:AHandbookforEducators,Counselors,Clinicians,H.Wesl
2、eyPerkins,Ed.SanFrancisco,Jossey-BassPleasedonotreproducethischapterwithoutpermissionoftheauthor.Thereisgrowinginterestintheapplicationofsocialnormstheorytoissuesofsocialjusticeandtohealthproblemsotherthanalcoholabuse,alongwithfundingofsocialnormsinterventionsto
3、addresssexualassaultandviolencepreventionbyanumberofFederalagencies.Inlightofthisinterest,thischapterwillreviewthetheoreticalassumptionsofthesocialnormsapproach,assesstherelevanceofthetheorytootherhealthandsocialjusticeissues,andprovideexamplesofsocialnormsinter
4、ventionsforsexualassaultpreventionformen,eatingproblemsamongwomen,second-handeffectsofbingedrinking,andanti-biasprogramming.Socialnormstheorydescribessituationsinwhichindividualsincorrectlyperceivetheattitudesand/orbehaviorsofpeersandothercommunitymemberstobedif
5、ferentfromtheirown.Thisphenomenonhasalsobeencalled“pluralisticignorance”(Miller&McFarland,1991).Thesemisperceptionsoccurinrelationtoproblemorriskbehaviors(whichareusuallyoverestimated)andinrelationtohealthyorprotectivebehaviors(whichareusuallyunderestimated),and
6、maycauseindividualstochangetheirownbehaviortoapproximatethemisperceivednorm(Prentice&Miller,1993).Thisinturncancausetheexpressionorrationalizationofproblembehaviorandtheinhibitionorsuppressionofhealthybehavior.Thispatternhasbeenwelldocumentedforalcohol,withcolle
7、gestudentsalmostuniversallyoverestimatingthefrequencyandquantityoftheirpeers’consumption(Perkinset.al.,1999).Suchmisperceptionscanfacilitateincreaseddrinkingandmaybeusedbyproblemdrinkerstojustifytheirownabuse.Similarmisperceptionshavebeendocumentedforillegaldrug
8、use(Perkins,1994,Perkinset.al.1999),cigarettesmoking(Chassinet.al.,1984;Grube,Morgan&McGree,1986;Sussmanet.al.,1988)andeatingdisorders(Kusch,2002;Mannet.al.,1997).The
