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1、TheDiscourseofCivilizationandPan-Asianism*prasenjitduaraUniversityofChicagoreporter:WhatdoyouthinkofWesterncivilization?gandhi:Itwouldbeagoodidea.AccordingtotheguidelinesprovidedtothoseapplyingforU.S.cit-izenship,apersonmaydeclinetotaketheoathofloyaltytotheU.S.Constitutionifthisoathconflictswit
2、hareligiousbelief.Despitethenation-state’sprerogativetomakedeepclaimsupontheloyaltyofitscitizens,itoftenrecognizesthatthehighesttruthsarenotnecessar-ilytobefoundwithinthenationalcommunity,butinatranscendentoruniversalrealm.Indeed,nationstendtorecognizethesuperiorityofreligioustruthsbecausethei
3、rownraisond’êtreisoftenfoundedinaspiritualoruniversaltruth.Thediscourseofcivilizationintheeraofnation-statesiscloselytiedtothisyearningforatranscendentspiritualpurpose.Thisessaydealswiththetransformationsinthediscourseofcivi-lizationinthetwentiethcenturyanditscomplexrelationshipwithnationalism
4、,particularlyinEastAsia.Nationalismandracismwerenottheonlysourcesofidentityinthetwentiethcentury.Formanymillionsofpeopleintheworld,theolderspiritualandreligiousidealsincorporatedinanewconceptionofcivilizationcontinuetobean*Thanksareduetothemanypeoplewhomadepertinentandconstructivecommentsatthe
5、variousplacesIhavepresentedthispaper.Iamparticularlygratefultothefollowingwhosentmewrittencomments:JerryH.Bentley,TimothyCheek,JohnFitzgerald,JoshuaFogel,JoanJudge,andDavidOwnby.JournalofWorldHistory,Vol.12,No.1©2001byUniversityofHawai‘iPress99100journalofworldhistory,spring2001evenmorepotents
6、ourceofmoralauthority.TheessayconsidersthewaysinwhichtheideasofAsiancivilization,EastAsiancivilization,andeasterncivilizationwereexpressed,realized,andembodiedinvar-iousintellectual,political,cultural,andsocialmovementsduringtheinterwaryearsinEastAsia.Thecriticalprobleminunderstandingciv-iliza
7、tionduringthisperiodistheextenttowhichitcouldbeidenti-fiedwithorappropriatedbyanationalistgoal.Althoughnationalism,too,soughtitsultimatemeaningincivilization,ittriedequallytomanipulateitforexpansionistpurposes.Aslongasnationalistswereabl
