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1、Parker,I.(1992)DiscourseDynamics:CriticalAnalysisforSocialandIndividualPsychology.London:Routledge.Chapter1Discoveringdiscourses,tacklingtexts[pp.3-22]Ameansofindicatingthetransitionfromasigntoasignisofferedbyquotationmarks.Thus‘California’isasignthatdenotesCalifornia;‘California’iswrittenwithte
2、nletters,whereasCaliforniagrowsoranges.Thetransitionmaybefurtherrepeated.Thus"California"isthenameofasign,namelyof‘California’,butisnotthenameofCalifornia.Inwritingquoteswehavetowatchthatthesigncombinationoccurringinoursentenceisalwaysonelevelhigherthantheobjecttowhichitrefers.Thus"California"is
3、writtenwithonepairofquotes,and‘California’iswrittenwithoutquotes.ItwouldbedifficulttoaddquotestoCalifornia;wethenwouldhavetoconstructhugequotesandputthoseoftheleftendintothePacificOcean,andthoseoftherightendintoNevada.(Reichenbach1947:68)Whatisa‘discourse’?Thischapterisconcernedwiththetaskofdefi
4、ningdiscourses.Iwilldrawattentiontosomeofthedescriptionsofdiscourseoutsidepsychology,andthensetoutsomecriteriaforidentifyingdiscourses.Mymainfocuswillbeonthepracticalproblemswhichconfrontaresearcherattemptingtocarryoutadiscourseanalysis.However,eachpracticalproblemraisesbroaderissuesaboutthenatu
5、reoflanguage,discourseandtexts.Iwillalsoargue,towardstheendofthechapter,thatdiscourseanalyticresearchshouldgobeyondsevennecessarycriteriafortheidentificationofdiscourses,andconsidertheroleofinstitutions,powerandideology.Discourseresearchstrikesacriticaldistancefromlanguage,andoneusefulaspectofth
6、eapproachisthereflexivityurgeduponaresearcher,andreader.Whendiscourseanalystsreadtextstheyare[4]continuallyputtingwhattheyreadintoquotationmarks:‘Whywasthissaid,andnotthat?Whythesewords,andwheredotheconnotationsofthewordsfitwithdifferentwaysoftalkingabouttheworld?’Iwanttoargue,however,thatthisre
7、flexivityneedstobegroundedifitistohaveprogressiveeffects,andthatworkinthepost-structuralisttraditioncangrounddiscourseandreflectionhistoricallyinausefulway.Inaddition,thestudyofdiscoursescarriedoutbyFoucaultandhisfollowersha
