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1、英美社会与文化AmericanSettlementsandLifeI.Settlementpatterns1.Thediverse“native”IndiancultureshadlittleinfluenceuponthecurrentAmericansettlementpatterns(聚居类型)exceptinpartsofNewMexico.Thevastnessoftheland,thescarcity[ˈskɛəsiti]oflabour,andtheabundanceofmigrator
2、y[ˈmaiɡrətəri,maiˈɡreitəri]opportunitiesinalandreplete(充满的)withrawphysicalresourcescontributedtoexceptionalhumanmobilityandaquicksuccessionofephemeral([iˈfemərəl],lastingforaveryshorttime,短暂的)formsoflanduseandsettlement.Humanendeavourshavegreatlytransfo
3、rmedthelandscape,butsucheffortshavebeenlargelydestructive.Mostofthepre-EuropeanlandscapeintheUnitedStateswassoswiftlyandradicallyalteredthatitisdifficulttoconjectureintelligentlyaboutitsearlierappearance.2.TheoverallimpressionofthesettledportionoftheAme
4、ricanlandscape,ruralorurban,isoneofdisorderandincoherence,eveninareasofstrictgeometricsurvey(几何形状).Thegeneraleffectisuntidy.TheseattributeshavebeenintensifiedbytheacuteindividualismoftheAmerican,vigorousspeculationinland(积极的土地投机活动)andothercommodities.Th
5、elandscapeisalsoremarkableforitsextensivetransportationfacilities,whichhavegreatlyinfluencedtheconfiguration(外貌)oftheland.3.Thefarmsteads(农庄,农场及其建筑物)havebecomeincreasinglyurbanized,andagriculturaloperationshavebecomemoreautomated,whilethemetropolisgrows
6、moregelatinous([dʒiˈlætinəs]凝胶状的),unfocused,andpseudo-bucolic([ˈpsju:dəu][bju:ˈkɒlɪk]仿田园风味的)alongitsmargins.Therelativelyconcentratedlatter-day(近来的,现代的)villagespersisttodayasamoeba-like([əˈmi:bə]阿米巴,变形虫)entitiesstragglingalongconverging(收缩的；减小的)roads,ne
7、itherfullyruralnoragglomerated([əˈɡlɔməreit]聚集的,成团的)inform.Theonlylatter-daysettlementexperimentofnotablemagnitudetoachieveenduringsuccesswasaseriesofMormonsettlementsintheGreatBasinregionofUtah(犹他州,)andadjacentstates,withtheirtightlyconcentratedfarmvil
8、lagesreminiscentoftheNewEnglandmodel.Othereffortshavebeenmadealongethnic,religious,orpoliticallines,butsuccesshasbeenatbestbriefandfragile.II.UrbanLife1.TheUnitedStateshasmovedfromapredominantlyruralsettlementintoanurbansociety.I
