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1、LanguagePolicyinBritainandFranceChapter1Theoreticalconsiderations:sociolinguistics,policystudiesandlanguageplanning1.Cooper(1989,31,183),defininglanguageplanningas'deliberateeffortstoinfluencethebehaviourofotherswithrespecttotheacquisition,structure,orfunctionalallocationoftheirlanguageco
2、des'rejecteddefinitionsoflanguageplanningwhich:restrictlanguageplanningtoactivitiesundertakenbygovernments,government-authorisedagencies,orotherauthoritativebodies,i.e.organisationswithapublicmandateforlanguageregulation.2.Fasold(1984,250)agreedthatlanguageplanningisan'explicitchoicebetwe
3、enalternatives',hesuggestedthattherearetwowaysthiscanbedone:theinstrumental-plannerschoosealanguageorimproveone,since'languageisatool'togreaterefficiency;orthesociolinguistic-plannerstrytosolveasocialproblem,takingintoaccountthesymbolicvalueoflanguagesandweighingthesocialconsequencesofthe
4、irchoice.3.ChaudensonandRobillard,1989,24)notedthat'languageplanning'asafieldofstudyoriginatedamongEnglish-speakingspecialistsinvolvedwiththesocialandeconomicproblemsofnewlyindependentStates,mainlyaftertheSecondWorldWar.4.('policy')asallnationalchoicesconcerninglanguageandculture,specifyi
5、nggenerallong-termobjectives(educationallevels,training,employment,functionandstatusoflanguages,etc.)andfoundedonananalysisofthestartingposition.('planning')wouldapplytoanylong-,short-ormedium-termoperationaimedatputtingtheobjectivesdefinedbypolicyintooperation,takingintoaccountthemeanspr
6、ovidedandtheproceduresenvisaged.(languagemanagementandcontrol)verydiverseactionsleadingtotheconcreterealisationofoperationsdefinedintheprecedingtwocategories,andmadeitclearthatforhimamenagementlinguistiquewasnottobeconfusedwithcorpusplanning.5.Thetypesoflanguagebehavioursuchactorshavetrie
7、dtoinfluencehavebeenacquisitionplanning(teachingandlearning),corpusplanning(thestructureoflanguage)andstatusplanning(thefunctionalallocationoflanguagesorlanguagevarieties).Languageplanningactivitiescanusuallybeclassifiedanddistinguishedfromeachotherundertheseheading
