语言学术语解释和举例

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1、1.SequentialRules[sɪ'kwenʃ(ə)l]序列规则SequentialRulesarerulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinparticularlanguage.e.g.Ifawordbeginswitha/l/or/r/,thenthenextsoundmustbeavowel（元音）.2.Prototype['prəʊtətaɪp]原型Whatmembersofaparticularcommunitythinkofasthetypicalin

2、stanceofalexicalcategory.e.g.ForsomeEnglishspeakers“cabbage”(ratherthansaycarrot)mightbetheprototypicalvegetable.3.PresuppositionalTrigger预设触发语Apresuppositiontriggerisaconstructionoritemthatsignalstheexistenceofapresuppositioninanutterance.e.g.”Janehadano

3、therdatewithJohn.”ItpresupposesthefactthatJanehashadonedatewithJohnbefore.Apparently,theuseof“another”calledapresuppositiontrigger.4.Possessor[pə'zesə]所有人Referstoonewhohassomethinge.g.Jane’sdoll.Thefirstnounisthepossessor.5.PositiveFace积极面子Thepositivecons

4、istentself-imageor“personality”(includingthedesirethatthisself-imagebeappreciatedandapprovedof)claimedbyinteractants.e.g.:Youareexcellent.6.Phoneme['fəʊniːm]音位Thesmallestunitinthesoundsystemofalanguagee.g.thetwowordspeakandspeak,weareawarethatthesound/p/i

5、spronounceddifferently7.PerformativeUtterance言有所为Itisasentencewhichisnottrueorfalsebutinstead'happy'or'unhappy',andwhichisutteredintheperformanceofanillocutionary(语内表现行为的)actratherthanusedtostatesomething.e.g."Isweartodothat","Ipromisetobethere"8.Negative

6、Face消极面子Thebasicclaimtoterritories,personalpreserves,rightstonon-distraction.i.e.tofreedomofactionandfreedomfromimposition.e.g.:You’dbetternotsmokehere.9.Morpheme['mɔ:fi:m]词素Thesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.Itcannotbedividedwithoutalteringordestroyingi

7、tsmeaning.e.g.theEnglishwordunkindnessconsistsofthreemorphemes:theSTEM1kind,thenegativeprefixun-,andthenoun-formingsuffix-ness.10.MetonymicReasoning[,metə'nimik]转喻推理MetonymicReasoningisafigureofspeechusedinrhetoric(修辞)inwhichathingorconceptisnotcalledbyit

8、sownname,butbythenameofsomethingintimately(密切地)associatedwiththatthingorconcept.Forinstance,"London",asthecapitaloftheUnitedKingdom,canbeusedasametonym(aninstanceofmetonymy)fortheBritishgovernmente.g:silksuitsyou.”s