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1、CosmologyStevenWeinbergUniversityofTexasatAustin13GreatClarendonStreet,OxfordOX26DPOxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford.ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship,andeducationbypublishingworldwideinOxfordNewYorkAucklandCap
2、eTownDaresSalaamHongKongKarachiKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityNairobiNewDelhiShanghaiTaipeiTorontoWithofficesinArgentinaAustriaBrazilChileCzechRepublicFranceGreeceGuatemalaHungaryItalyJapanPolandPortugalSingaporeSouthKoreaSwitzerlandThailandTurkeyUkraineVietnamOxfo
3、rdisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountriesPublishedintheUnitedStatesbyOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork©StevenWeinberg2008ThemoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenassertedDatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker)©Firstpublished2008Allright
4、sreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographicsrightsorganization.Enqui
5、riesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressaboveYoumustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcoverandyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirerBritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataDataava
6、ilableLibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationDataDataavailableTypesetbyNewgenImagingSystems(P)Ltd.,Chennai,IndiaPrintedinGreatBritainonacid-freepaperbyBiddlesLtd.,King’sLynn,NorfolkISBN978–0–19–852682–710987654321ToLouise,Elizabeth,andGabrielleThispageintentionallylef
7、tblankPrefaceResearchincosmologyhasbecomeextraordinarilylivelyinthepastquartercentury.Intheearly1980stheproposalofthetheoryofinflationofferedasolutiontosomeoutstandingcosmologicalpuzzlesandprovidedamechanismfortheoriginoflarge-scalestructure,whichcouldbetestedbyobservat
8、ionsofanisotropiesinthecosmicmicrowavebackground.November1989sawthelaunchoftheCosmicBackgroundExplorerSatellite.Measu
