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1、AmericanEconomicReformintheProgressiveEra:ItsFoundationalBeliefsandTheirRelationtoEugenicsThomasC.LeonardItisaWhiggishtemptationtoregardprogressivethoughtofacenturyagoasakintocontemporaryprogressivism.1But,befittingtheproteannatureoftheAmericanreformtradit
2、ion,theoriginalprogressivesenter-tainedviewsthattoday’sprogressives,iftheyknewofthem,wouldrejectasdecidedlyunprogressive(Gerstle1994).Inparticular,theprogressivesofacenturyagoviewedtheindustrialpoorandothereconomicallymar-ginalgroupswithgreatambivalence.P
3、rogressiveEraeconomicreformsawthepoorasvictimsinneedofupliftbutalsoasthreatsrequiringsocialcontrol,afundamentaltensionthatmanifesteditselfmostconspicu-ouslyintheappealtoinferiorheredityasascientificbasisfordistinguish-ingthepoorworthyofupliftfromthepoorwho
4、shouldberegardedasthreatstoeconomichealthandwell-being.So,whileprogressivesdidadvocateforlabor,theyalsodepictedmanygroupsofworkersasundeservingofuplift,indeedasthecauseratherthantheconsequenceoflowwages(Leonard2003b).Whileprogressivesdidadvocateforwomen’s
5、rights,theyalsopromotedavisionofeconomicandfamilylifethatwouldremovewomenfromthelaborforce,thebettertomeetwomen’sobligationstobe“mothersoftherace,”andtodefertoCorrespondencemaybeaddressedtoThomas(Tim)Leonard,DepartmentofEconomics,PrincetonUniversity,Fishe
6、rHall,Princeton,N.J.08544;e-mail:tleonard@princeton.edu.1.IncontemporaryAmericanpoliticaldiscourse,thelabel“progressive”isincreasinglysubstitutedforthelabel“liberal”(Nunberg2006).HistoryofPoliticalEconomy41:1DOI10.1215/00182702-2008-040Copyright2009byDuke
7、UniversityPress110HistoryofPoliticalEconomy41:1(2009)the“familywage”(Leonard2005a).Whileprogressivesdidopposebio-logicaldefensesoflaissez-faire,manyalsoadvocatedeugenics,thesocialcontrolofhumanheredity(Leonard2005b).Whileprogressivesdidadvo-cateforpeace,s
8、omefoundedtheiroppositiontowaronitsputativelydysgeniceffects,2andotherschampionedAmericanmilitaryexpansionintoCubaandthePhilippines,andthecountry’sentryintotheFirstWorldWar.And,whileprogressivesdidseektocheckcorpora
