The eighteenth century

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1、Theeighteenthcentury1、historicalbackgroundA：theconstitutionalmonarchsetupbyparliamentin1688wasacompromisebetweenthebourgeoisieandthearistocrats.TheToryandWhig,thoughofthemrepresentingdifferentinterestsofdifferentclass,bothsupportedcommerceandthepolicyoftoleranceandviedwitheachot

2、herforseatsintheHouseofCommons.B:Englandgrewfromasecondratecountrytoapowerfulnavalcountryinthe18thcenturybydefeatingotherEuropeanpowers,especiallyFrance.C:somefeaturesofthiscenturyinEngland(1)theriseofthepoliticalpartiesandtheirrivalrycalledforthwritersandliterarymenwillingtowor

3、kforeitherpartiesinordertohelpeitherofthemtowinmorevotes.Thusappearedthepoliticalwriting.Thewriterswerecalledhackwriteror“Grubsweetwriters”andsincethenwritinghasbecomeanindependentjob.(2)Newspaperandjournals:bothpartiesprintednewspapersasameanstoexpresstheirviews.Besides,themidd

4、leclassalsodemandedameanstoexpresstheiropinionsonpolicyandotherproblems,thus,newspapersandjournalsflourished.(3)Coffeehouse:inthelatehalfofthe17thcenturyandthroughthe18thcentury,thecoffeehousehasbecomeainformmeetinghouseformenfromallclasstoexchangetheiropinionsanddobusiness.Lite

5、rarymenWill’sinCoventGardenScholarsandlearnedprofessionstheGrecian’sWhigsSt.jamesMostfamouscoffeehouseinthattime:Addison’sSpectorClubJohnson’sClub(4)newmorality:themenofthe18thcentury,whileenjoyingthepeaceandprosperityathome,wereagainstthefanaticismofthePuritanwhointhe17thcentur

6、yhadtakenahostileattitudetowardsbothentertainmentandtheimmoralityofcourtlife.Itwasanageinwhichreason,ratherthanemotion,playedanimportedrole.Hence,itwascalledanageofreason.(5)scienceandtechnology:*IssacNewton(1642-1727)andhislawofgravitation:alltheobjectsintheuniverseareattracted

7、totheearthbyacertainforcewhichisindirectproportiontotheirmassandininverseproportiontothesquareofthedistancebetweentheobjects.*JohnLocke(1632-1704)wasthefatherofanewtheoryofknowledge:heheldthatallofmen’sknowledgeoriginatesfromsenseperception.(6)Frenchinfluence:inthe18thcentury,th

8、eClassicismtrendfirstoriginatedinFranceduringth