专业八级英国文学the eighteenth century

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1、TheEighteenthCentury(1688—1798)Background:AftertheGloriousRevolution,themonarchwasdeprivedofrulingpowerandinhisplacePraliamentbecametheactualleaderofthecountry.ToryandtheWhigsbothsupportedcommerceandthepolicyoftoleranceThetwopartiesviedwitheachotherforseatsinthehouseofCommon

2、sEnglandgrewfromasecondratecountrytoapowerfulnavalcountryinthe18thcenturybydefeatingotherEuropeancountries,especiallyFrance.SpecialFeatures:1、PoliticalwritingsWritingbecameanindependentjob.Hardlyawriterofthetimewasfreefrompoliticalbias.2、NewspapersandjournalsBothpartiesprint

3、ednewspapersasmeanstoexpresstheirviewsManygreatwritersofthe18thcenturyweregreatessayists.3、CoffeehousesThecoffeehousesinLondonservedasinformalmeetinghousesformenofallclasseswheretheycouldexchangeopinionsanddobusiness.Addison’sSpectatorClubJohnson’sClubDickens’sPickwickClubTh

4、emenwhofrequentedcoffeehousesformedaninfluentialelementamongthereadingpublicandhelpedtodeterminethetoneofliterature,thecriticalreputationofwritters,andthesuccessorfailureofplay4、ThenewmoralityAgainstthefanaticismofthePuritansDuetothedevelopmentofscienceandphilosophyofthetime

5、Anageinwhichreasonratherthanemotion,playedanimportantrole.AnageofreasonReasoninEnglandwasatoolforthebourgeoisietoconsolidateitsrule.5、ScienceandtechnologyNewton’sscientificdiscoveryLawofgravitationHenceforth,gonewasthemedievalconceptionthattheuniversewasguidebydivinewill.New

6、ton’sphilosophydidnotruleouttheideaofGod,butitdeprivedGodofhispowertoguidethestarsintheircourseortocommandthesuntostandstill.ThephilosophyofJohnLockeThefatherofanewtheoryofknowledgeThisisthefunctionofreason,orunderstanding,whichisthepowertocombine,coordinate,andorganizetheim

7、pressionsreceivedfromsensesandthustobuildabodyofgeneraltruth.Theoneforfurnishingrawmaterialsofknowledgeandtheotherforshapingthemintomeaningfulforms.6、TheFrenchinfluenceClassicismNeo-classicismAdramatistshouldobservethethreeunitiesofaction,place,andtime.Characteristicsofneo-c

8、lassicism:Adramatistshouldobservethethreeunitiesofaction,place,andthetime.E