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1、（I）WhatIsEquivalence? Firstly,regardingequivalence,alotofadjectiveshavebeenassignedtothisconcepttoapproachthenatureoftranslation.Deprivedofanyadjective,“equivalence”maybeinadictionarydefinedas“thestateorpropertyofbeingequivalent”or“alogicoperatorhavingthepropertythatifPisastatement,Qisastatement, R
2、isastatement,thentheequivalenceofP,Q,R,…,istrueifandonlyifallstatementsaretrueorallstatementsarefalse.”However,equivalence,whenappliedtotheissueoftranslation,isanabstractconceptandactuallyreferstotheequivalencerelationshipbetweenthesourcetextandthetargettext,whichbringsaboutabasicphilosophicalquest
3、ion,viz.whethertherearetwoabsolutelyequivalentthings.Theanswertothisquestionmaybeunanimouslynegative.ThustheequivalencerelationshipbetweentheSTandtheTTseemstobeanillusion;anyhow,equivalencecanberegardedastheidealgoalwhentheconscientiousandresponsibletranslatorisinpersistentpursuitofthetruthofthesou
4、rcetext.Inthissense,equivalenceisjustbeyondthecapabilityofthetranslatorifitisnotputinamorespecificlayeroftranslationorconfinedtoacertainaspectoftranslation;toputthisinanotherway,equivalencehastooweitssignificancetotheadjectivethatprecedesit.Similarly,observance,onthepartofthetranslator,ofallthethre
5、eprinciplesoftranslationadvancedbyTytlerorthethree-characterprincipleoriginatedbyYanFu,isoutofthequestion;butobservanceofoneortwooftheabove-mentionedthreeprinciplesorcharactersis,inmostcases,attainable.Tobebrief,theterm“equivalence”inthedisciplineoftranslationcanhardlygainitsidentityuntilitiseither
6、precededbyamodifiersuchasanadjectiveorfollowedbyapost-modifier,or,inotherwords,furtherdividedintodifferentcategories.Secondly,differentkindsofequivalencesarerealizedbytheircounterpartsintheprocessoftranslating,namely,equivalents.Asmentionedabove,“equivalence”alwaysgoeswithamodifier;accordingly,sodo
7、esan“equivalent”.Itispreciselythedifferentkindsofequivalentsthatyielddifferentversionsoftranslation.Inanotherword,anabsoluteequivalentisasunobtainableasabsoluteequivalenceandthereforeanabstractconceptoranid
