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1、DesignofGravityDamsConcretedamsmaybecategorizedintothreeprincipaltypesaccordingtotheirparticularphysicalformandthefeaturesoftheirdesign.Thethreetypesare:arch,gravity,andbuttress.Agravitydamisaconcretestructurewhichresiststheimposedforcesbyitsweightan
2、dsectionwithoutrelyingonarchandbeamaction.Initscommonusagethetermisrestrictedtosolidmasonryorconcretedamswhicharestraightorslightlycurvedinplan.Thedownstreamfaceofgravitydamisusuallyofuniformslopewhichifextend,wouldintersecttheupstreamfaceatornearthe
3、maximumreservoirlevel.Theupstreamfaceisnormallyverticalexceptingforsteepbatterneartheheel.Theupperportionisusuallythickenoughtoresisttheimpactofloadingobjectsandaccommodatearoadway.Thethicknessofsectionatanyelevationisadequatetoresistslidingandtoensu
4、recompressivestressesattheheelunderdifferentconditionsofloading.Foragravitydamtobestable,thefollowingcriteriashouldbesatisfied:1)resultantofstaticandpseudo-staticforcesshouldliewithinthemiddlethirdlinesorthekernofthedamatallsection.Thisensuresafactor
5、ofsafetyofabout2againstoverturningandeliminatestensilestressattheheelandthetoeofthedam.2)Thedamshouldprovideadequatefactorofsafetyagainstslidingattheconstructionjoints,thebaseofthedam,andanyplanesofweaknesswithinthefoundation.3)Maximumstressesintheda
6、msectionandthefoundationshouldbewithinthepermissiblestressesoftheconcreteusedinthedamsectionandthefoundationrockrespectively.GravitydamscanbeanalyzedbytheGravityMethods,Trial-loadTwistAnalysis,ortheBeamandCantileverMethod,/dependingupontheconfigurati
7、onofthedam,continuitybetweentheblocks,andthedegreeofrefinementrequired.1.ConcreteGravityDamsonRockFoundationsThedesignerofanydammustmakebasicassumptionsregardingsiteconditionsandtheireffectsontheproposedstructure.Siteinvestigationsprovidetheengineerw
8、ithmuchoftheinformationtoevaluatetheseassumptions,thebasesforsafedamdesign.Someimportantassumptionsforsmalldamdesigninvolveupliftpressure,seepagecontrolmeasures,channeldegradationanddownstreamtoeerosion,foundationconditions,andqualityofconstruction.A
