概论 关键词new

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1、KeyTermsinComputerScienceIlluminatedChapter1thebigpictureAbstraction抽象ComputingSystem计算系统Computerhardware计算机硬件Computersoftware计算机软件CentralProcessingUnit中央处理器Memory存储器MainMemory主存/内存Secondary/Auxiliarymemory辅助存储器Diskdrive磁盘驱动器MagneticDisk磁盘Harddisk硬[磁]盘Floppydisk软[磁]盘Peripheraldevice外围设备Termina

2、l终端Keyboards键盘Monitors显示器magnetictapedrives磁带机Cardreader卡片阅读器Punchedcard穿孔卡Lineprinter行打印机Circuitboards电路板chips芯片Microchips微芯片Wires导线IntegratedCircuits(ICs)集成电路Transistors晶体管Vacuumtubes真空管Magneticcores磁芯MagneticDrum磁鼓Large-scaleIntegration(LSI)大规模集成VeryLarge-scaleIntegration(VLSI)超大规模集成Represe

3、ntation表示GUI(GraphicUserInterface)图形用户界面Microcomputer微型计算机PersonalComputer（PC）个人计算机Compatiblemachines兼容机Workstations工作站FileServer文件服务器RISC(ReducedInstructionSetComputer)精简指令集计算机CISC(ComplexInstructionSetComputer)复杂指令集计算机Parallelcomputing并行计算Parallelarchitecture并行体系结构SIMD(Single-InstructionMult

4、iple-Data-stream)单指令流多数据流)MIMD(Multiple-InstructionMultiple-Data-stream)多指令流多数据流Embeddedsystem嵌入式系统OperatingSystem(OS)操作系统Timesharing分时Timeslice时间片Utilityprogram实用程序Spreadsheets电子表单Wordprocessors字处理程序Databasemanagementsystems数据库管理系统BASIC（Beginner’sAll-PurposeSymbolicInstructionCode）初学者多功能符号指令代

5、码Turingmachine图灵机InformationLayerChapter2BinaryValueandNumberSystemsbinarydigit二进制数字positionalnotation位置记数法placevalue位值base基数Base10,Decimal十进制Base2,Binary二进制Base8,Octal,八进制Base16,Hexadecimal十六进制number数值，数integer整数naturalnumber自然数negativenumber负数rationalnumber有理数bit(b小写)位,比特Byte(b大写)字节word字word

6、length字长KB/MB/GB（Kilobyte/Megabyte/Gigabyte）千字节/兆字节,百万字节/十亿字节Chapter3DataRepresentationAnalogdata模拟数据Digitaldata数字数据Digitize数字化PulseCodeModulation(PCM)脉冲编码调制Multimedia多媒体Bandwidth带宽Compressionratio压缩比/率Datacompression数据压缩Compression压缩decompression解压缩Losslesscompression无损压缩Lossycompressions有损压缩

7、numericdata数值数据Radixpoint小数点Overflow溢出Signed-magnituderepresentation符号数值表示法Complement补码floating-point浮点Exponent指数Mantissa尾数Text文本Characterset字符集ASCII(AmericanStandardCodeforInformationInterchange)美国标准信息交换代码Unicode统一码/万国码/单一码Encoding编码de