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1、菲律宾History ThePhilippineswasruledfromNewSpain-(Mexico)inthelate16thcentury. In1781,GovernorJoséBascoyVargasestablishedtheEconomicSocietyofFriendsoftheCountryandPhilippineswasadministereddirectlyfromSpain. EnlightenedbythePropagandaMovementtotheinjusticesoftheSpanishcolonialgovernmen
2、t,theFilipinorevolutionariesclamoredforadequaterepresentationtotheSpanishCortésandlaterforindependence. ThisledtoThePhilippineRevolutionwhichendedinatrucewheretherevolutionariescapitulatedandagreedtoexilethemselvesinHongKong. In1898,theUnitedStatesandSpainbecameinvolvedintheSpanish-
3、Americanwar. EmilioAguinaldo,leaderoftherevolutionaries,wasluredbacktothePhilippineswithsupposedlyapromiseofindependence. On12June1898,withvictoryseeminglyattainable,AguinaldodeclaredtheindependenceofthePhilippines. However,theBattleforManilabetweenSpainandtheUSturnedouttobeafarce,whi
4、chsoughttoexcludetheFilipinosfromtheeventualoccupationofManila. SpainandUSignoredtheFilipinorepresentativeduringtheirnegotiationsintheTreatyofParis. SpainwasforcedbyParisofficialstohandoverGuam,thePhilippines,andPuertoRicototheUSinexchangeforUS$20million. ThefirstPhilippineRepubliccon
5、flictedwiththeUSoccupationandresultedintothePhilippine-AmericanWar(1899-1913).ItcameunderUScontrolandin1935,itsstatuswasupgradedtothatofaUSCommonwealth.IndependenceforthePhilippineswasfinallygrantedon4July1946,aftertheJapaneseinvasionandoccupationoftheislandsduringWorldWarII. ThePhi
6、lippinesfacedpoliticalinstabilityafter1946.TherestiveHukbalahaps,guerillaswhofoughtagainsttheJapaneseduringWorldWarII,andhavingitsrepresentativecheatedintheelectionsandoustedfromCongress,threatenedthecountrysideandthecapitalinthe"50"s.TheHukthreatwaseventuallysolvedwiththesurrenderofL
7、uisTaruc,theHukSupremo. Thelate"60"sandearly"70"ssawtheriseofstudentactivism,andanti-Americandemonstrations.Furthermore,aConstitutionalConventioncomposedofelecteddelegatesdraftedanewconstitutiontoreplacethe1935Constitutioninareferendum.Thisperiodwasmarredbycivilunrestandexposésoncorru
8、ption
