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1、SUBSTANTIVEMORALTHEORY*ByPhilipPettitI.IntroductionPhilosophyservestwofunctionsinrelationtothemoralthinkingthatallofuspractice,philosophersandnonphilosophersalike.Firstofall,itprovidesametaethicalcommentaryonthenatureofmoralthought,asthemethodologyorthephilosophyofscienceprovidesacommentaryonth
2、enatureofscientificthought.Second,itbuildsonthecommonpre-sumptionsdeployedinpeople’smoralthinkingaboutmoralissues,look-ingforasubstantivemoraltheorythattheymightsupport.Metaethicsreceivesalotofattentionamongphilosophers,butsubstantivemoraltheoryreceivesless.Philosopherspursuesubstantivetheory,t
3、obesure,buttheyoftenfailtodistinguishthispursuitfrommetaethics.Myessayseekstorepairthisneglect.Thebodyoftheessayisdividedintothreesections.InSectionII,Igiveageneralcharacterizationofmetaethicsandshowwhythereisroomandreasontoseekoutasubstantivemoraltheory.InSectionIII,Iofferanoverviewofsomewell-
4、establishedstylesofsubstantivetheory.Inthefinalsection,IsketchoutatheorythatIfindappealingmyself.II.FromMetaethicstoSubstantiveMoralTheoryA.TheroleofmetaethicsTruetoitsname,metaethicsconsistsinhigher-levelreflectiononthenatureofmoraltalkandmoralthought.Itdealswithquestionsofthefollowingkinds.•T
5、hecognitivismquestion.Domoralpredicationshavetruth-conditions,ascognitivistsclaim?Dotheyservetosayhowthingsareandnotjustplayanexpressiveorrelatedroleinpeople’spsychologies?WhenIsay“That’stherightoptiontotake,”doIcharacterizetheactioninsomeway,ordoIjustgiveexpressiontothefactthatIapproveofit?*Iw
6、asaidedinpreparingthisessaybycommentsonanearlierdraftbyTristramMcPhersonandbyconversationsbothwithhimandwithMichaelSmith.IamgratefulforthewrittensuggestionsthatIreceivedfromtheeditorsofthisvolumeandfromJanNarvesonandMichaelHuemer.DOI:10.1017/S0265052508080011©2008SocialPhilosophy&PolicyFoundati
7、on.PrintedintheUSA.12PHILIPPETTIT•Therealismquestion.Ifmoralpredicationsaretruth-conditional,dotheypredicatereal,bonafideproperties,sothattheirtruth-conditionsareroutinelyfulfilled?DoestherightnessIascribetocertainoptions,ifcognit
