金牌原创]COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE

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1、COGNITIVENEUROSCIENCENotePleasereadbooktoreviewmajorbrainstructuresandtheirfunctionsPleasereadbooktoreviewbrainimagingtechniquesSeealsoadditionalslidesavailableonclasswebsiteCognitiveNeurosciencethestudyoftherelationbetweencognitiveprocessesandbrainactivitiesPotentialtomeasuresome

2、“hidden”processesthatarepartofcognitivetheories(e.g.memoryactivation,attention,“insight”)Measuringwhenandwhereactivityishappening.Differenttechniqueshavedifferentstrengths:tradeoffbetweenspatialandtemporalresolutionTechniquesforStudyingBrainFunctioningSingleunitrecordingsHubelandW

3、iesel(1962,1979)Event-relatedpotentials(ERPs)Positronemissiontomography(PET)Magneticresonanceimaging(MRIandfMRI)Magneto-encephalography(MEG)Transcranialmagneticstimulation(TMS)Thespatialandtemporalrangesofsometechniquesusedtostudybrainfunctioning.SingleCellRecording(usuallyinanim

4、alstudies)Measureneuralactivitywithprobes.E.g.,researchbyHubelandWiesel:HubelandWiesel(1962)StudiedLGNandprimaryvisualcortexinthecat.Foundcellswithdifferentreceptivefields–differentwaysofrespondingtolightincertainareasLGNOncell(shownonleft)LGNOffcellDirectionalcellActionpotentialf

5、requencyofacellassociatedwithaspecificreceptivefieldinamonkey'sfieldofvision.Thefrequencyincreasesasalightstimulusisbroughtclosertothereceptivefield.COMPUTATIONALCOGNITIVESCIENCEComputerModelsArtificialintelligenceConstructingcomputersystemsthatproduceintelligentoutcomesComputatio

6、nalmodelingProgrammingcomputerstomodelormimicsomeaspectsofhumancognitivefunctioning.Modelingnaturalintelligence.SimulationsofbehaviorWhydoweneedcomputationalmodels?Providesprecisionneedtospecifycomplextheories.MakesvagueverbaltermsspecificProvidesexplanationsObtainquantitativepre

7、dictionsjustasmeteorologistsusecomputermodelstopredicttomorrow’sweather,thegoalofmodelinghumanbehavioristopredictperformanceinnovelsettingsNeuralNetworksAlternativetotraditionalinformationprocessingmodelsAlsoknownas:PDP(paralleldistributedprocessingapproach)andConnectionistmodelsN

8、euralnetworksarenetworksofsimplep