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1、A.INTRODUCTIONThepurposeofthissectionistoprovideabriefreviewofthetechniquesofattitudeinstrumentflight,includingstallandstallrecoverymaneuvers.Attitudeinstrumentflyingisanextensionoftheconceptofattitudeflying.Theestablishmentofaspecificpitchandbankattitude,accompanied
2、byadesignatedpowersetting,willcausepredictableaircraftperformance.Therefore,ifpitch,bankandpoweraredeterminedthroughreferencetotheflightinstrumentsandthedesiredperformanceisconfirmedbytheseinstruments,thedefinitionandtechniqueofattitudeinstrumentflightisclearlyeviden
3、t.Therearethreebasicingredientstoattitudeinstrumentflying:1.scan;2.interpretation;and3.aircraftcontrol.Thehumanbodyissubjecttosensationswhichareunreliablewheninterpretingtheaircraft'sactualattitude;therefore,thepilotmustlearntodisregardthesesensationsandcontroltheair
4、craftthroughproperscanandinterpretationoftheflightinstruments.Properscanisvitaltotheinstrumentpilot.Ofcourse,instrumentflyingrequiresthatcertaininstrumentsbeusedmoreoftenduringparticularmaneuvers.Thisiscalledselectiveradialscan.Duringaconstantairspeedclimb,forinstanc
5、e,thealtimeterislessimportantthantheairspeedindicator.Underinstrumentmeteorologicalconditions,thepilotusestheattitudeindicatortodeterminetheaircraft'spitchandre-establishanattitudethatwillcorrecttheairspeedtothedesiredvalue.Theattitudeindicatorreplacesthenormaloutsid
6、evisualreferences;therefore,itistheprincipalattitudecontrolinstrumentfortheradialscan.Whenscanning,thepilotshouldregardtheattitudeindicatorasthehubofawagonwheel",andtheotherinstrumentsasspokes.(seeAttitudeIndicatorisCentreofScanfigure,ontheright).Thesecondimportantin
7、gredientininstrumentflyingisproperinstrumentinterpretation.Theattitudeindicatorprovidesanartificialhorizontoreplacethenaturalone;hence,properinterpretationisextremelyimportant.Thelastingredient,aircraftcontrol,resultsfromscanandinterpretation.Itissimplyamatterofapply
8、ingthepropercontrolpressurestoattainthedesiredaircraftperformance.Thesepressuresarethesameasinvisualflightexceptthatsmallerandsmoot
