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1、IntellectualParadigmsinPublicAdministrationWhySoManyandHowtoBridgeThem?JiahuanLuUniversityofMaryland为何公共行政学存在如此众多的管理思想范式？两者之间有何关联？美国马里兰大学---刘佳欢ThenotionofparadigmhasbecomeubiquitoussinceitsinceptionbyThomasKuhnasawaytounderstandthehistoryofscience.Paradigms,Kuhnwrites,are“universal
2、lyrecognizedscientificachievementsthatforatimeprovidemodelproblemsandsolutionstoacommunityofpractitioners”.Withinaspecificparadigm,Guttingfurtherexplains,thereis“anacceptancethatissostrongiteliminatestheneedforfurtherdiscussionoffoundationalquestionsaboutthesubject-matterandmethodo
3、logyofthedisciplinedandenablesthedisciplinetodevotemostofitsenergytopuzzle-solving”.Thehistoryofscientificdevelopment,accordingtoKuhn,isthuslargelycharacterizedbyasuccessionofdifferentparadigms,orparadigmshifts.范式概念自托马斯·库恩提出后,便普遍成为解读科学史的途径。库恩写到：“范式是举世公认的科学成就，为一段时期的社会实践提供了解决问题的模板和解决
4、方案”。古亭进一步解释说：“在一个特定的范式里，通常关于主题素材和方法学的缜密性，它省去了对其基本问题的进一步讨论，而是致力于难题的攻克”。根据库恩的理论，在一个又一个不同范式的承接、或范式转换之下，也因此显露出科学发展史的特性。Actually,Kuhnusedtheconceptofparadigmmostlywithinthedomainofnaturalsciencesandwashesitanttoexpandittothesocialsciences,whichhebelievedwerecharacterizedbya“traditionofc
5、laims,counterclaims,anddebatesoverfundamentals”.Indeed,inmostsocialsciences,paradigmshiftisrare.Rathermorefrequentis“paradigmparallel,”thecoexistenceofseveralcompetingparadigms.Publicadministrationisnoexception.Afterthecollapseoftheorthodoxy,aconsensusonbigquestionsinpublicadminist
6、rationhasneverbeenachieved,suchaswhatpublicadministrationis,howtoacquireknowledge,whattypeofknowledge(scientificorinterpretative)topursue,andtherelationshipsbetweenpublicadministrationandotherdisciplines,suchaspoliticalscienceandbusinessmanagement.Asaresult,competingparadigmshaveem
7、ergedtoprovidetheirownanswersaboutthenatureandassumptionsofpublicadministration,withnooneofthemeverabletodominate.Henryarguesthatpublicadministrationtheoryhas,sinceitsinception,gonethroughasuccessionofsixparadigms:thepolitics/administrationdichotomy(1900–1926),principlesofpublicadm
8、inistration(1927–1937),pub
