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1、BasicsemiconductorcrystalstructureTounderstandhowdiodes,transistors,andothersemiconductordevicescandowhattheydo,itisfirstnecessarytounderstandthebasicstructureofallsemiconductordevices.earlysemiconductorswerefabricatedfromtheelementgermanium,butsiliconispreferredinmostmodernapplications.Thecryst
2、alstructureofpuresiliconisofcourse3-dimensional,butthatisdifficulttodisplayortosee,sotheimagetotheleftisoftenusedtorepresentthecrystalstructureofsilicon.foryouphysicstypes,silicon(andgermanium)fallsincolumnⅣaoftheperiodictable.T.hisisthecarbonfamilyofelements.theessentialcharacteristicoftheseele
3、mentsisthateachatomhasfourelectronstosharewithadjacentatomsinformingbonds.Whilethisisanoversimplifieddescription,thenatureofabondbetweentwosiliconatomsissuchthateachatomprovidesoneelectrontosharewiththeother.Thetwoelectronsthussharedareinfactsharedequallybetweenthetwoatoms.Thistypeofsharingiskno
4、wnasacovalentbond.suchabondisverystable,andholdsthetwoatomstogetherverytightly,sothatitrequiresalotofenergytobreakthisbond.了解二极管、晶体管和其他半导体器件可以发挥他们的功效，首先需要理解所有半导体器件的基本结构。早期的半导体制造从元素锗开始,但硅在大多数现代应用程序中优先使用。当然纯硅的晶体结构是三维,但这很难显示或看到,所以左侧图像常被用来代表硅的晶体结构。你物理类型、硅和锗落在列Ⅳa周期性table.T。他是碳元素的家庭。这些元素的基本特点是,每个原子有四个
5、电子与相邻原子形成分享债券。虽然这是一个过于简单化的描述,两个硅原子之间的键的性质,每个原子都提供一个电子来分享。两个电子从而共享实际上是两个原子之间的平均分担。这种类型的共享称为共价键。这种债券是非常稳定的,把两个原子结合在一起非常紧密,所以,它需要大量的能量来打破这种债券。Forthosewhoareinterested,theactualbonesina3-dimensionalsiliconcrystalarearrangedatequalanglesfromeachother.Ifyouvisualizeatetraheron(apyramidwiththreepointso
6、nthegroundandafourthpointstickingstraightup)withtheatomcenteredinside,thefourboneswillbedirectedtowardsthepointsofthetetrahedron.对于那些有兴趣,实际的骨骼三维硅晶体排列在互相平等的角度。如果你想象tetraheron(金字塔三分,第四个点了起来)的原子为中心的内部,这四个骨头将指向四面体的点。Nowwehaveknownoursiliconcrystal,butwestillhaven’tknownasemiconductor.Inthecrystalwes
7、awabove,alloftheouterelectronsofallsiliconatomsareusedtomakecovalentbondswithotheratoms.Therearenoelectronsavailabletomovefromplacetoplaceasanelectricalcurrent.Thus,apuresiliconcrystalisquiteagoodinsulator.Infact,itisalmostg
