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1、WHATANIMALSREALLYTHINKEuqeneLindenOvertheyears,Ihavewrittenextensivelyaboutanimal-intelligenceexperimentsandthecontroversythatsurroundsthem.Doanimalsreallyhavethoughts,whatwecallconsciousness?Wonderingwhethertheremightbebetterwaystoexploreanimalintelligencethanexperimen
2、tsdesignedtoteachhumansigns,Irealizedwhatnowseemsobvious:ifanimalscanthink,theywillprobablydotheirbestthinkingwhenitservestheirownpurposes,notwhenscientistsaskthemto. AndsoIstartedtalkingtovets,animalresearchers,zookeepers.Mostdonotstudyanimalintelligence,buttheyencount
3、erit,andthelackofit,everyday.ThestoriestheytellusrevealwhatI'mconvincedisanewwindowonanimalintelligence:thekindofmentalfeatsanimalsperformwhendealingwithcaptivityandthedominantspeciesontheplanet—humans.Let'sMakeaDeal ConsiderthetimeCharleneJendry,aconservationistattheCo
4、lumbusZoo,learnedthatafemalegorillanamedColowashandlingasuspiciousobject.Arrivingonthescene,JendryofferedColosomepeanuts,onlytobemetwithablankstare.Realizingtheywerenegotiating,Jendryraisedthestakesandofferedapieceofpineapple.Atthispoint,whilemaintainingeyecontact,Coloo
5、penedherhandandrevealedakeychain. Relieveditwasnotanythingdangerousorvaluable,JendrygaveColothepineapple.Carefulbargainerthatshewas,ColothenbrokethekeychainandgaveJendryalink,perhapsfiguring,WhygiveherthewholethingifIcangetabitofpineappleforeachpiece? Ifananimalcanshows
6、killintradingonethingforanother,whynotinhandlingmoney?OneorangutannamedChantekdidjustthatinasign-languagestudyundertakenbyanthropologistLynMilesattheUniversityofTennessee.Chantekfiguredoutthatifhedidtaskslikecleaninghisroom,he'dearncoinstospendontreatsandridesinMiles'sc
7、ar.Buttheorangutan'sunderstandingofmoneyseemedtoextendfarbeyondsimpledealings.Milesfirstusedplasticchipsascoins,butChantekdecidedhecouldexpandthemoneysupplybybreakingchipsintwo.WhenMilesswitchedtometalchips,Chantekfoundpiecesoftinfoilandtriedtomakecopies. Milesalsotried
8、toteachChantekmorevirtuoushabitssuchassavingandsharing.Indeed,whenIcaughtupwiththeorangutanatZooAtlanta,whereh
