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1、YouAreWhatYouThinkAndifyouchangeyourmind--frompessimismtooptimism—youcanchangeyourlifeClaipeSafran[1]Doyouseetheglassashalf-fullratherthanhalfempty?Doyoukeepyoureyeuponthedoughnut,notuponthehole?Suddenlytheseclichesarescientificquestions,asresearchersscrutinizethepowerofpositivethinking.[2]Afa
2、st-growingbodyofresearch--104studiessofar,involvingsome15,000people--isprovingthatoptimismcanhelpyoutobehappier,healthierandmoresuccessful.Pessimismleads,bycontrast,tohopelessness,sicknessandfailure,andislinkedtodepression,lonelinessandpainfulshyness."Ifwecouldteachpeopletothinkmorepositively,
3、"sayspsychologistCraigA.AndersonofRiceUniversityinHouston,"itwouldbelikeinoculatingthemagainstthesementalills."[3]"Yourabilitiescount,"explainspsychologistMichaelF.ScheierofCarnegie-MellonUniversityinPittsburgh,"butthebeliefthatyoucansucceedaffectswhetherornotyouwill."Inpart,that'sbecauseoptim
4、istsandpessimistsdealwiththesamechallengesanddisappointmentsinverydifferentways.[4]Take,forexample,yourjob.Inamajorstudy,psychologistMartinE.P.SeligmanoftheUniversityofPennsylvaniaandcolleague5PeterSchulmansurveyedsalesrepresentativesattheMetropolitanLifeInsuranceCo.Theyfoundthatthepositive-th
5、inkersamonglongtimerepresentativessold37-percentmoreinsurancethandidthenegative-thinkers.Ofnewlyhiredrepresentatives,optimistssold20-percentmore.[5]Impressed,thecompanyhired100peoplewhohadfailedthestandardindustrytestbuthadscoredhighonoptimism.Thesepeople,whomightneverhavebeenhired,sold10-perc
6、entmoreinsurancethandidtheaveragerepresentative.[6]Howdidtheydoit?Thesecrettoanoptimist'ssuccess,accordingtoSeligman,isinhis"explanatorystyle".Whenthingsgowrongthepessimisttendstoblamehimself."I'mnogoodatthis,"hesays,"Ialwaysfail."Theoptimistlooksforloopholes.Heblamestheweather,thephoneconnect
7、ion,eventheotherperson.Thatcustomerwasinabadmood,hethinks.Whenthingsgoright,theoptimisttakescreditwhilethepessimistseessuccessasafluke.[7]CraigAndersonhadagroupofstudentsphonestrangersandaskthemtodonatebloodtotheRedCross.Whentheyfailedo
