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1、外文文献：ABRIEFPRIMERONFINCA1.WhatisFINCA?TheacronymFINCAstandsfortheFoundationforInternationalCommunityAssistance.Charteredin1984,FINCAisatax-exempt,U.S.non-profitmicrofinanceinstitution(MFI)whosepurposeistoprovidefinancialservicestotheworld’spoorestfamiliessotheycancreatetheirownjobs,ea
2、rnextraincome,andimprovetheirlivingstandards.2.WhereDoesFINCAWork?Includingits450,000ex-clientswhohave“graduated”fromcredittotheirownworkingcapital(savings),since1984FINCAserviceshavebenefitedover750,000clientsthrough20,000villagebanksin24countriesonfourcontinents.InLatinAmericatherea
3、reFINCAprogramsinHaiti,Mexico,Guatemala,Honduras,ElSalvador,Nicaragua,Ecuador,andPeru.InAfrica:Uganda,Malawi,Tanzania,Zambia,SouthAfrica,andtheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo.InEasternEurope:SamaraandTomsk(twoprovincesofRussia),Armenia,Azerbaijan,Georgia,andKosovo.InCentralAsia:Kyrgyzsta
4、n,Uzbekistan,Tajikistan,andAfghanistan.3.WhatisVillageBanking？PioneeredbyFINCA,villagebankingisarguablytheworld’smostwidely-imitatedmicrofinancemethodology.[9]AmongUS-basednon-profitagenciesalonethereareatleast31microfinanceinstitutions(MFIs)thathavecollectivelycreatedover400villageba
5、nkingprogramsinatleast90countries.Andinmanyofthesecountriestherearehost-countryMFIs—sometimesdozens—thatarevillagebankingpractitionersaswell.4.HowDoVillageBanksWork?Avillagebankisaninformalself-helpsupportgroupof15-30members,predominantlyfemaleheads-of-household.Iftheprogramis“onmissi
6、on”,inanormalvillagebankabout50%ofallnewmembersenteringtheprogramwillbeseverelypoor—representingfamilieswithadailyper-capitaexpenditure(DPCE)oflessthanUS$1;therestaremoderatelypoor(DPCE=$1–2/day)ornon-poor(DPCE>$2).Thesewomenmeetonceaweektoavailthemselvesofworkingcapitalloans,asafepla
7、cetosave,skilltraining,mentoring,andmotivation.Loanscanbeassmallas$50–$100andarelinkedtosavingssuchthatthemoreaclientsavesthemoreshecanborrow.Thenormalloanperiodisfourmonthsandisrepaidin16weeklyinstallments.Aswithmanyothermicrocreditmethodologies,villagebankingeliminatescollateral(the
8、poorm
