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1、CopernicusPolishname:MikolajKopernik.Polishastronomerandmathematicianwho,asastudent,studiedcanonlaw,mathematics,andmedicineatCracow,Bologna,Rome,Padua,andFerrara.Copernicusbecameinterestedinastronomyandpublishedanearlydescriptionofhis"heliocentric"modelofthesolarsysteminC
2、ommentariolus(1512).Inthismodel,thesunwasactuallynotexactlythecenterofthesolarsystem,butwasslightlyoffsetfromthecenterusingadeviceinventedbyPtolemyknownastheequantpoint.TheideathattheSunwasthecenterofthesolarsystemwasnotnew(similartheorieshadbeenproposedbyAristarchusandNi
3、cholasofCusa),butCopernicusalsoworkedouthissysteminfullmathematicaldetail.EventhoughthemathematicsinhisdescriptionwasnotanysimplerthanPtolemy's,itrequiredfewerbasicassumptions.BypostulatingonlytherotationoftheEarth,revolutionaboutthesun,andtiltofEarth'srotationalaxis,Cope
4、rnicuscouldexplaintheobservedmotionoftheheavens.However,becauseCopernicusretainedcircularorbits,hissystemrequiredtheinclusionofepicycles.Unfortunately,outoffearthathisideasmightgethimintotroublewiththechurch,Copernicusdelayedpublicationofthem.In1539,CopernicustookonRhetic
5、usasastudentandhandedoverhismanuscripttohimtowriteapopularizationoftheheliocentrictheory,publishedasNarratioPrimain1540.Shortlybeforehisdeath,RheticusconvincedCopernicustoallowpublicationofhisoriginalmanuscript,andDeRevolutionibusOrbiumCoelestiumwaspublishedin1543.Coperni
6、cusproposedhistheoryasatruedescription,notjustatheorytosaveappearances.UnlikeBuridanandOresme,hedidnotthinkthatanytheorywhichsavedappearanceswasvalid,insteadbelievingthattherecouldonlybeasingletruetheory.Whentheworkwaspublished,however,AndreasOsianderaddedanunauthorizedpr
7、efacestatingthatthecontentswasmerelyadevicetosimplifycalculations.Copernicusadaptedphysicstothedemandsofastronomy,believingthattheprinciplesofPtolemy'ssystemwereincorrect,notthemathorobservations.Hewasthefirstpersoninhistorytocreateacompleteandgeneralsystem,combiningmathe
8、matics,physics,andcosmology.(Ptolemy,forinstance,hadtreatedeachplanetseparately.)Copernicus'ssys
