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AcknowledgementsIamindebtedtoouruniversityforprovidingmewithsuchapreciousopportunityofwritingthisthesistoconcludemyfouryears’undergraduateeducation.Inthecourseofwriting,IhavegainedmoreacknowledgeandenlightenmentthanIexpected.Iwouldliketoexpressmymostsincereappreciationtomyrespectedsupervisor,Ms.WangXiaoru,anamiableteacher,whopatientlyandpainstakinglyfulfilledthetaskofreadingcritiquing,shapingandpolishingallthepreliminarydraftsofthisthesis.Inaddition,mythanksalsogotomyfamilyaswellastheclassmateswhohaveofferedmehelpandsuggestion.AbstractIntheprocessofEnglishlearning,thedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesesyntax,oneofthemajordifficulties,oftenpuzzlesmostChinesestudents,fordifferentpeoplehavedifferentwaysofthoughtwhichleadtodifferenthabitualexpression.ThisdissertationfocusesoncontrastivestudyofsyntaxofEnglishandChinesewiththepurposetoexplorethesimilaritiesandparticularlydissimilaritiesbetweenthesetwounrelatedlanguages.Itishopedthatthroughcontrastivestudy,itwillbeeasierforChinesestudentstogetabettercommandofEnglish.What’smoreimportant,theresultofthecontrastivestudy,whichimprovestheircompetenceandperformance.Acontrastivestudyofdifferentlanguagesnotonlyhelpstoformanewmethod,whichcanbeappliedinlanguageteachingandtranslationbutalsobenefitstheinter-lingualcommunication.Bycontrastivestudy,languagelearnerscangainabetterinsightofpeculiaritiesoftheirmotherlanguageandtheforeignlanguage.ThepaperoffersanintroductiontocontrastivestudyEnglishandChinesesyntax,andcanbedividedintofivechapters.ChapteroneisanintroductiontothecurrentpositionandresultsoftheEnglishandChinesesyntax.ChaptertwopresentsabriefknowledgeoftherelativetheoryoftheEnglishandChinese.Chapterthreeandchapterfourgiveamuchdetailedcontrastandanalysisonsubjectandwordsorder.Intheend,aconclusionreferstolimitationandexpectationoftheEnglishandChinesesyntax.KeyWords:English;Chinese;contrastive;syntax摘要 在英语学习过程中，由于语言本身以及中西方思维方式的差异，使中国学生遇到很多困难。在这其中，英汉句法差异是英语学习的重难点之一。本文旨在英语句法的主语、语序进行一个详细的对比，通过对其异同的分析是中国学生对这两种语言有一个清晰的认识，从而提高他们驾驭语言的能力，同时这种对比研究的成果可以在英语教学和翻译上得到广泛应用。通过对两种语言的对比分析情况，人们可以进一步认识外语和母语的特性。在交流时能够区分不同语言各自的表现方法，以顺应这些差异，防止表达失误，避免运用失当，从而达到交流的目的。由于本文旨在讨论中英文句法的差异，因此介绍句法对其主语，语序展开论述，并结合具有说服力的例句加以证明。本文共分为五章。第一章是介绍国内外内英语句法研究现状和结果；第二章是介绍英汉句法的相关理论知识；第三、四章是对通过利用相关理论知识对英语句法的主语、语序进行详细的对比分析；第五章是论文的结论，描写了英汉语句法发展现存的局限性和对语句法发展的期望。关键词：英语；汉语；对比；句法ContentsTOCo"1-3"hzu1.Introduction12.TheEnglishandChinesesyntactictheory12.1UniversalGrammarTheory12.2TheBindingTheory22.3TheTheta-Theory23.ContrastiveanalysisofEnglishandChinesesyntax23.1TheContrastivesubjectinEnglishandChinese23.1.1TheEnglishsubjectmode.33.1.2TheChinesesubjectmode53.2Thewordsorder63.2.1SpacesequencemodeinEnglishandtimesequencemodeinChinese63.2.2ThesequentialpatternofSubjectiveandObjective.83.2.3Thesequencebetweengeneraldescriptionandspecificdescription104.Conclusion114.1ThelimitationoftheEnglishandChinesesyntax124.2TheexpectationoftheEnglishandChinesesyntax12Bibliography13ContrastiveAnalysisBetweenEnglishandChineseSyntax1.Introduction BothathomeandabroadhasbeenpayingattentiontothecomparativestudyoftheEnglishandChinesesyntax.SuchasChaoYuanren,LiNa,andThompsa,whocomefromoverseas,usethetheoryofthestructuralismorfunctionalismtostudyChinese.What’smore,ChaunceyChuusesthetheoryoftextlinguisticstodiscussthedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese.ThedomesticresearchersLianShuneng,YangZijianareengagedinthecontrastivebetweenEnglishandChinesesyntax.Theybelieve“Chinesebelongstoparataxis,whileEnglishishypotaxis”(Deng239).Basedonthesyntactictheory,manylinguistsbelievethatthefunctionallinguistictheorymoresuitablefortheChinese.WehavetomentionthelinguistNoamChomsky,whenwetalkaboutsyntax.WhyisChomskyimportant?NoamChomskyisoneoftheleadingintellectualfiguresofmoderntime. ThepublicationofNoamChomsky’sSyntacticStructurein1957,marksthebeginningof“ChomskyRevolution”,whichhashadafar-reachingimpactonthefieldofsyntax.Thescholarshasexploredsyntaxmorethanhalfacentury,inthemeantime,itiswidelydiscussedanddeveloped.Chomskyhimselfisconstantlyrevised,interpreted,aswellascompletedhistheoryfromtimetotime.AfterthepublicationMinimalistProgram,thescholarsgaveaspan-newsyntacticstudy.AndrewRadford,forinstance,focusesonthesyntax,whichisbasedontheChomskytheory.Aboutthesyntacticproblem,scholarsputthesyntaxasthescience,sosyntaxisstillinthestageofthetheoreticalassumptions.Therefore,thereisstillalongwaytogobeforewecangetreliablesyntacticknowledge.2.TheEnglishandChinesesyntactictheoryTheoryreferstotheunderstandingandcommentaboutknowledge,anditisalsodefinitionoftheconceptsystem,whichcanexplainaseriesofphenomena.2.1UniversalGrammarTheoryThepublicationofNoamChomsky’sUniversalGrammarin1976,whichbecomescommonprinciplesforallkindsoflanguage,iscomposedofconditionsandrules,andisalsotheessenceofhumanlanguage.ThescholarShuNasaid“UniversalGrammarisanelementidentifieroftheheredity”.(Shu157)UniversalGrammaraimsathowtostudythelanguageknowledgeabilities,howtogetthelanguageknowledgeabilities,aswellashowtoapplythelanguageknowledgeabilities. Inordertoverifytheidea,theDoctorCorneliusWeilerconductsanexperiment,whichapprovesthereisagrammaticalruleinthebrainthattranscendsallvarietyoflanguages.TheexperimentprovidesanevidenceforUniversalGrammar.2.2TheBindingTheoryIntheearly1980s,NoamChomskyputBlindingTheorybasedonthe“government”concept,whichwasapartoftheUniversalGrammar.TheBindingTheoryreferstosyntacticrelationshipbetweennoun-phraseandpronoun.(XieandZhang130)Inmoredetail,itisatheoreticalgeneralizationofsamestatement.TheBindingTheoryisanelementoftheUniversalGrammar,whichissuitableforallkindsoflanguages.ChineseandEnglishrefertoparataxisandhypotaxis,whichhaveobviousdifferencesinmanyaspects.TheBindingTheoryeffectivelyaccountfortherelationshipbetweenEnglishandChinese,whichisanuniversallawbasedonagreatnumberoflinguisticfacts.2.3TheTheta-TheoryInordertoaccountfortherelationshipbetweensemanticandsyntax,thescholarsputtheTheta-Theory,whichclaimsone-to-oneequivalencebetweenargumentandthematic.Itplaysasignificanteffectoncontactsyntacticformsandsemanticcontent,nevertheless,theTheta-Theoryinthestruggleforexistence.(YuanandWei29)ButmanyscholarsfavoroftheTheta-Theory,whichhavefundamentaleffectonsyntacticcomponent.3.ContrastiveanalysisofEnglishandChinesesyntaxThepartaimsthesubjectandwordsordermode,whicharetheimportantpartsofthesyntacticstudy,andtheyplaythesignificantmeaning.Itisindispensabletostudythesubjectmode,ifyouwanttodiscussthestructureoftheorganizationpattern.Inanylanguagesystems,subjecttendstooccupythecorestatusofthesentence,whichhasaneffectonprominenttopicsorspecifyobjects.(Zhang69)3.1TheContrastivesubjectinEnglishandChineseThepartaimsatdiscussingthepersonalandimpersonalsubjectstructure.Theimpersonalsubjectstructurenotonlyincludesimpersonalsubject,butalsohasrichconnotation.EnglishandChinesehavedistinctdifferenceswhenitcomestochoosingpersonalandimpersonalsubject.Chinesepreferpersonalsubjectmode,whichhasrelativelysimpleforms,butforeignerspreferimpersonalmode,whichincludesvarietyofforms.(Zhang69)Boththesemodesmake Chineseuncomfortableandconfused.Thus,itisoneofthetheanddifficultpointsforbilingualtransformationtochoosesubject.3.1.1TheEnglishsubjectmode.TherearevariousformsoftheimpersonalsubjectinEnglish,forinstance,things,time,andvirtualsubjectitorthereetc.3.1.1.1ThesubjectofthingsItisacommonphenomenonthatpeopleusethethingsassubjectinEnglishandChinese,andisalsocalledimpersonalsubject,but,thephenomenonismorewidelyemployedinEnglishthaninChinese,whichhasahigheracceptability.Example1:Theroomyouneedisnotavailablenow.Translation:你想要的那个房间没有空出来。Example2:Therestaurantyouarelookingforcanbefoundacrossthestreetwhenyougetoffthebusatthesecondstopdownhere.Translation:（你）从这里再坐两站下车，马路对面就是你要找的医院。Example3:Roofsrequiresspecialconsiderationtoensureadequatedurabilityinexposuretothesunandrain.Translation1:（屋顶）需要特别考虑，确保其暴露在日照雨淋的耐受力。Translation2:（施工者）为确保屋顶能长期耐受日照雨淋，必须更加周全的考虑。UndertheinfluenceoftheBindingTheory,wecanfollowtheprinciplethatEnglishandChinesebeconsistentinperson.Wecanknowthepersonalpronounisfreeevenifwithouttranslation.Itishaven’tinfluencesonsentencesunderstanding.Weonlycanjustifythesubjectaccordingsentencesthemselves.3.1.1.2ThesubjectoftimeInEnglish,thecompositionthatexpressthetimearemostlyadverbial,buttheanotheruniversalstructureputsthetimeontheheadofsentences,fromsyntacticanalysis,timeisthesentencesubject.Example1:TheFirstWorldWarbroughthimrapidbattlepromotion.Translation1:第一次世界大战使他的军衔快速提升。Translation2:他在第一次世界大战中屡次提拔，晋升很快。Example2:Mondaymorningsaremorelikelytofindtheemployeesinlowspirit.Translation1:周一早上更容易使员工精神不振。Translation2:多数员工周一早晨总是精神不振。 WemustnotethatthesituationbetweenEnglishandChineseareverydifferentEnglishwillputtimeonheadofsentencetobesubject,whileChinesestructureisnotsimilarwithit.InChinese,onlyintheabsenceofactualsubjectcanthetimebeputonhead. And,intheaspectofcomposition,timeisonlythefrontoftheadverbialnotthesubject.Firstly,wemustknowthatthematicrolesarelimitedinnumber,theboundisclearandthesemanticcan'tbedecomposed.Whenthetimeisthesubject,argumentandthematicrolesofthesentencemustkeepthecorrespondingrelation.Soweneedtounderstandtherelationshipbetweensentencesstructureandmeans.3.1.1.3TheVirtualsubjectofitandthereInadditiontoimperativesentence,Englishdon’tallowthestructurewithoutsubject.So,whenyouwanttoexpresstheunclearsubject,youneedtofindavirtualsubjecttobethelogicalstructure.“It”and“there”arethemostuniversalsubjectforminEnglish.“It”asthesubjectform,whichisnomeans.Itisonlythevirtualsubject.Undertherelatedsituation,Englishallowtheabsenceofthesubjectorhaven’tthestructureoftheformalsubject.Example:ItmustbetheboyscomingbackTranslation:肯定时他们回来了。Inadditionto“it”,“there”isalsotheuniversalsubjectform.Itnotonlycanbeformed“therebe”structure,butalsoexpressthe“existence”.Inanysituations,Chineseallowsthesentencewithoutsubject.Example:TheremustbesomerulesandprincipalsinEnglishlanguage.Translation:英语语言一定会体现某些规律性和原则性。Firstofall,accordingtotheBindingTheory,wemustfigureouttherelationshipwhatthepronounreferto.Andthen,understandthesyntacticcomponentaswellasexplaintherelationshiponthebasisofthesyntacticconditionality.3.1.1.4ThesubjectofabstractnounsEnglishexpressionarefrequentlyusedsomeabstractnounsassubjects,whichcausesmanyproblemsforChinesewhofeelawkwardandobscureinsomecases.ThephenomenonoffersconcreteillustratethedifferencesbetweenEnglishimpersonalsubjectmodeandChinesepersonalmode.Example:Thehatredalmostkilledhim. Translation1:这仇恨简直快要杀死他了。Translation2:他简直快要恨死了。Example:Youraccompanymakesmeblessed.Translation1:你的陪伴，使我被保佑。Translation2:你陪伴着我，这是我的福气啊。Inthesentenceswithabstractnouns,weapplytheUniversalGrammarTheoryandtheBindingTheorytotheexamples,whichmaketheChinesesentencemoresmoothly.Thehuman-naturallanguageshavethemoreclosetmeaningonthebasisofthetheory.3.1.1.5Thesubjectofexpression,feelingsetceteraChineseiseasiertoacceptthefixedstructuretoexpression,forinstance“someonemakesacertainexpression”,whileEnglishusetheexpressiontobesubject.Feelingsarethebasicphysicalexperienceofhuman-being,andalsothephysiologicalbasis.So,aboutfeeling,Englishareusedtoimpersonalsubjectmode,Chinesedefaultthepersonalsubjectmode.Example:Aflushcameuponherface.Translation:她脸红了。Example:Yourgazemakesmecomfortable.Translation1:你的目光让我觉得不自在。Translation2:（你）别盯着我看，怪不在自的。Asdescribedabove,Englishimpersonalsubjectmodeisnotsimple,especiallythelaterfourmodes,theyareallrelatedtoperson.Thesentencecanalsohaveaclearcharacterorpersonasthesubject.Inthissituation,Englishstillapplytheimpersonalsubjectmode,whichindicatesforeignersarefavorinthemode,whichisaninitiativechoice.3.1.2TheChinesesubjectmodeIntheChinesestructure,personalsubjectisthedominantplayerinthesentences,meanwhile,africtionofthesentencesapplyimpersonalsubject.IntheChinesesentences,itisdifficulttoacceptthattheabstractnounsasthesubjects.3.1.2.1ThesubjectofpersonItisafixedlanguagestructuremodethatappliesthepersonandthingstobethesubjectinChinese,especially,referstotheexpression,movement,whichdefaultthepersonasthesubject.Example:美国人将科学应用于现代生活的方式使他们的一大特征。 Translation:ItisacharacterforAmericanthatappliesthesciencetothemodernlivingways.3.1.2.2ThesubjectofthingsInadditiontothepersonalsubject,Chinesesubjectstructureallowasmallnumberofthingsastheimpersonalsubjectsinthemanyimpersonalcases,forexample,entityandentitativenounsetc.Example:只有书可以脱人与贫贱。Translation:Onlybookcantakepeopleoutofpoor.Undertheguidanceofthetheory,wecantranslatethesubjectbetweenEnglishandChinese,whichrealizethesyntacticandsemanticfunction.3.2ThewordsorderInlastpart,theauthorhascomparedthedifferencebetweenEnglishandChineseonthesubjectmode.Infact,thesubjectdifferenceisthemostunderstandingandtypicaldifferencesinlanguagecontrastmode.Thepartanalyzesthewordsorder.Whatwecallthewordorderreferstoagroupofinterrelatedinformation.Thewordorderofeverylanguageistheaccumulationofhistory,geographicalenvironment,words,religion,philosophyandexperienceslongdiachronicchanges.(Zhang53)Finally,itbecomesastereotypeandretainsintheaspectoflanguageexpression.Languagepatternsofwordorder,whichisthecharacterizationofthethinkingwayofthelanguage.Indifferentlanguages,thewordorderdifferencerevealsthedifferencesofthinkingmodefromthesource. ThedifferenceoftheEnglishandChineseinstructureordermainlyreflectsinthreeaspects,spacesequencemodeandthetimesequencemode,sequentialpatternbetweensubjectiveandobjective,betweenthegeneralandthespecificsequencepattern.3.2.1SpacesequencemodeinEnglishandtimesequencemodeinChineseThespacesequencemodeandtimesequencemodearenotliteral.Sequencemodeoflanguagestructure,whichisn’ttheorderofnarrativeordescription.What’smore,spacesequenceandtimesequence,whichallorganizetheinformation.TheEnglishpeopleorganizelanguage,sendmessageandcommunicateeachotheraccordingtospacesequencemode,andtheChineseorganizethethinkingaswellaslanguagestructure.3.2.1.1ThespacesequencemodeinEnglish TheEnglishspaceinthesequentialpatternisnotinaccordancewiththerequirementsfordescriptive, fromtoptobottom,lefttorightbythedescriptioninthetable,butadoptacertaininherentinthesequentialpattern.(Zhang55)Thespacesequentialpatternorganizerelatedinformationgroupandbeinthelanguageenvironmentofuniversallogicdistributionmode,andsmooth,smoothideographicorganization.ThespaceorderofEnglish,Infact,referstomultipleinformation,multipletimenotparallelorequaldistributionandgradedifferencesandpresentsthestereoscopicpatternofthehierarchy.Firstofall,thespaceorderofEnglish,inthecaseofnoclauses,multipleinformationbetweenmultipleeventsarenotequalstatus,withaperson,theconditionandchangefromoftheverbasthepredicateverb,suchasthemainsentenceoccupyspaceorderofthetopeventsandtakesomekindoftag.Forexample, infinitiveformoftheverb,thepresentparticipleformoftheverb,thepastparticipleformoftheverb,onlyinasubordinatepositionandoccupythelowerspaceorder.Secondly,inthecaseofinvolvingclause,showmoreobviousbetweenmultipleevents,eachclauseoftheupperandlowersubordinaterelationship,spacelevelisself-evident,finallyinthecaseoftheclausesofthehierarchycomplex,severalstructuresandeventstructure,moreintuitivelyandclearlyreflectsthespatialorderpatternofEnglish,thus,thespatialorderpatterninEnglishwordorderistheinheritableresultofthehierarchyofupperandlowersubordinatetype.InEnglishwordordermode,theupperandlowersubordinatelevelsmodetoprovidethepremiseforsequentialpatternforthespace,thedeterminationofthisEnglishwordorderisrules-based.ThefollowingEnglishinstanceusingthesymbol“//”todistinguishesbetweenupperandlowerlevels.Usually, beforethe“//”isthekeyevent,andafterthe“//”asthesubordinatepart.Example:Ihadplannedalitterpleasureforherthatafternoon(themaincomponent/emphasis/upperlevel)//torepayherforsomeofthegloriousmomentsshehadgivenme,whenweusedtomilktogetherinthestrawthatchedcowshed,bytellingmeofthesplendidperformanceofMeyerbeer’sLesHuguenotsshehadseeninParisinher.（thesubordinatecomponent/background/lowerlevel） Translation:过去，我们曾一起再茅草屋顶的牛棚里挤牛奶，她给我讲你年轻时她在巴黎看过梅尔比尔的《勒斯修格纳特》歌剧的精彩演出，曾带给我充满欢乐的时间。作为回报，那天下午，我也给她安排了小小的惊喜。Fromtheaboveexampleshows,inEnglish,nomatterhowmuchinformation,howmanyevents,istofollowtheupperandlowersubordinaterelations.3.2.1.2ThetimesequencemodeinChineseThetimesequencemodereferstothelanguagestructure,thelineardistributionofmandarinasthestandardofstrictadherencetotimesequence,determinethestructureoflanguage,inaccordancewiththetimesequenceisembodiedinallkindsoflogicalrelationshipevolvedintoresultsafterreason,conditionbeforeresult,thebehavioraftermeansandsoon.Anylanguagesystem,thepatternareinterrelated,interactionandnotexistindependently,butconstituteasystem.ChineseindependentparallelmodeasthepreconditionofsequentialpatternanddecidesthatChinesestructuresalsospeakChineseinthelanguagestructure,inordertofollowthetimesequencemode,thefollowingwillbeineachexampleandreferenceintranslation,intimeorder,sothatmoreusuallyreflectthesequentialpatternofChinese.Example:知己知彼，百战不殆。（fromconditiontoresult,timesequence）Translation：Youareunbeatableifyougetawholepictureofyouropponentandyourself.（fromresulttocondition）Example:没有党的坚持领导，要实现四个现代化是不可能的。(conditiontoresult,timesequence)Translation:ItisimpossibletogetTheFour-ModernizationwithoutourParty’sleadership.(resulttocondition,timesequence)3.2.1.3AbriefsummaryofspacesequentialpatternandtimesequentialpatternThereisastrongcontrastbetweenthetemporalorderofChineseandthespatialorderofEnglish,whichexertsseriousobstaclesinthecommunicationbetweenChineseandEnglish.EnglishpeoplefeelthattheChinesestructureisverydifficultandcan’tcatchthekeypoint.However,theChinesefeelthattheordertheinfluenceofthetheory, wemustunderstandthesituationthesyntacticdistributionandthewordorderofEnglishandChinese.3.2.2ThesequentialpatternofSubjectiveandObjective. ThebasiccontentsofthelanguageareObjectivediscourseandsubjectivediscourseObjectivediscoursereferstothedescriptionoftheeventsandpremiseconditionsoftheoutsideworldandtheobjectiveworld.Subjectivediscoursereferstotheexpressionoftheinnerworldandthepsychologicalworld,includingfeelings,attitudes,judgments,opinions,viewsandconclusions.Intheorganizationoflanguageexpression,Englishfollowsthesequentialpatternfrom”SubjectivetoObjective”,whileChinesefollowstheorderpatternfromSubjectivetoObjective”,remarkabledifferences.3.2.1.2ThesequentialpatternofEnglishfromsubjectivetoobjective.Englishpremisesthesubordinatemode,whichdeterminesthesubjectivediscourseasthemainpartofthesentence.However,theobjectivediscourseissubordinatetothesubjectivediscourseandbecomesthebackgroundinformation.Thus,EnglishisthemodeofSubjectivetoObjective,thatistosay,thesubjectivefeelings,attitudes,judgments,opinions,viewsandconclusionsareintheformerofthesentenceandtheobjectivefactsstates,establishedpreconditionsareinthelatterofthesentence.Using“//”todividethesubjectiveintoobjective,whichclearlyreflectstheorderbetweenthesubjectivecontentandtheobjectivecontent.Example:Acountrycomestotheend(subjectiveconclusion)//whenitsgovernmentgoestocorruption.（objectivecondition）Translation:腐败当道，国之将亡。（fromobjectivetosubjective）Example：Itmayseemabsurdtobelieve（subjectiveassessment）thataprimitivecultureintheHimalayashasanythingtoteachourindustrializedsociety.（objectivefact）Translation:若是相信我们的工业化社会受益于喜马拉雅山脉的原始文化，或许有些荒唐。（fromobjectivetosubjective）3.2.1.3ThesequentialpatternofChinesefromobjectivetosubjective.ThesequentialpatternofChinesefromobjectivetosubjectiveChineseexistindependentparallelsentencepatterns,andeachclauseisrelativelyindependentaswellasrelativelyequalstates,whichhaslittleeffortonthestructureoforder.However,thekeypointisChinesepostmode,whichdecidesthatinthestructureofChinese,thesubjectiveexplanationasthekeypointandalwaysbeplacedat theendofsentence.Therefore,thereappearsthephenomenon"thesequentialpatternfromobjectivetosubjective"InChinese.AswithotherChinesesystems,wearestilllookingforsomesignsfromancientChinese.EveninancientChinese,itisnotdifficulttofindsomeexamplestoillustratethispattern.AndthisindicatesthatthismodelisderivedfromtheancientChineseaswellaslong-standinghistoricalchangesinChinese.EveninthenewculturemovementofthechangesfromancientChinesetomodernChinese,thispatternsuccessfullywithstoodtheimpactandinfluencefromEnglishanditalsoasakindofinherentpatternpreservedinmodernChinese.Using"//"asusualtodecideintosubjectiveandobjectiveinthefollowing.例：见义不为（objectivefacts）//无勇也（subjectivejudgment）(《论语·为政》)译：itisnotbravenotreadytohelpwhoareinneed（subjectivetoobjective）例：知之为知之，不知为不知（objectivefacts），//是知也（subjectivejudgment）(《论语·为政》)译：Itisthewisdomtotellwhatyouknowandwhatyoudon’tknow.（subjectivetoobjective）例：要是以为我们的开放政策是崇洋媚外（objectivefact）//,那就错了.（subjectivejudgment）Example：It’swrongtothinkthatareopendoorpolicyisoutoftheblindworshipandfaithinforeigncountries.（subjectivejudgment）Itmainlyusesexamplesandtranslationmethodsintheabovetwosections,whichclearlyshowthedifferentsequenceinlanguagebetweenChineseandEnglishobjectivediscourseandsubjectivediscourse.Thisdifferenceinordermodelisveryremarkable,notonlyreflectedinthelanguage,butalsoreflectedthewaysofthinkingandthehabitoftwoethnicgroups,itisworthfurtherstudying.3.2.3ThesequencebetweengeneraldescriptionandspecificdescriptionThegeneraldescriptionandspecialdescriptionarealsotheconventionalexpressionswidelyexistinvariouslanguages.Specificdescriptionreferstothedescriptionofthevariousfeaturesanddetailsofthethings,includingtheappearance,attributestraits andfunctions.Generaldescriptionreferstothewholecharacteristicsortheresultofthethingsaswellasthesummaryoftheimpactsandfeelingsfromthispoint,theproblemofgeneraldescriptionandspecificdescriptionarerelatedtotheproblemofsubjectiveandobjectiveandwecangetsomeenlightenmentsfromit.3.2.3.1ThesequentialpatternofEnglishfromgeneraldescriptiontospecificdescriptionGeneraldescriptionsummariesthewholecharacteristics,theimpactandfeelingsofthings,ithasstrongersubjectivecolor,whichaccordwiththestandardsofjudgmentaboutthemaininformation.Therefore,Englishpresentsasequentialmode,whichisfromgeneraldescriptiontospecificdescriptionfromtopbottomlooklikethepyramid.Thismodeiscalleddeductivemode.Thefollowingexampleusethe“//”todividetheoverviewandpoints.Example：Thenumberoffisheriesintheriver（theoverallresult//duetocoaterpollutionclambuilding,moreinsecticideandlessreproduction（analyzethereason）译：由于水质污染，修建堤坝，杀虫剂过量和繁殖减少，河流中的鱼类逐渐减少例：Landistheonlythingintheworld（thegeneralview）//worthworkingfor,worthfightingfor,worthdyingfor,becauseitistheonlythingthatlasts.(specificview)Translation:世界上，唯一亘古不变，唯一值得为之工作，为之斗争，为之献身的，就是土地了。（fromspecifictogeneral）Abovetheexamples,whichallindicatethesequentialmodeinEnglishfromgeneraldescriptiontospecificdescription.3.2.3.2ThesequentialpatternofChinesefromspecificdescriptiontogeneraldescriptionThesequentialmodefromspecifictogeneralinChinesethesequentialmodefromobjectivetosubjectivesequential,whichiscalledtheconductivemode,so,itispresentsaninvertedtrianglestructurefromtoptobetween.Example:富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能屈，此之谓大丈夫。（fromspecifictogeneral）Translation:Itisatruegreatmanwhomnomoneyandrankcanconfuse,nopovertyandhardshipcanshake,andnopowerandforcecansuffocate.（fromgeneraltospecific） Example:什么吃的，什么玩的，只管告诉我，丫头婆子不好了，也只管告诉我。(fromspecifictogeneral)Translation:Justtellmewhenyoufancyanythingforfoodortopasstimewith,andwhenahousemaidoranursebecomesnasty.（fromspecifictogeneral）4.ConclusionThoughtthecontrastanalysis,combinedthetheoryintotheinstance,wecandrawthedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseinsubjectmodeontheonehardweknowthesubjectisentitynouninthetheorythatwecontact,ontheotherhand,weknowhowtoanalyzestheproblemwhenweunderstandthesubjectmodeindifferentcountrythinkingmode.Thesubjectmode,whichprovidesanevidenceforbilinguallanguagetransform.Thus,wecouldinitiativelyaccordingtothesubjectrequirementstodirectandflexibletransfer,whichcouldbebetter.Thechapterisanalyzingthewordorderintheory,Englishpresentsspace,sequentialmodewhichisfromobjectivetoobjective.therefore,Chineseshowstimesequentialmode,whichisfromobjectivetosubjective.Therearethreedifferentaspectsintheabove,betweenEnglishandChinese,butinthemeanwhile,nomatterinEnglishandChinese,whicharetheindependentsystems,andhavetherespectiveunifiedsystem.Fromwithinspecificlanguage,allkindsoflanguagesystemnotonlycontactthemselves,andalsomutuallypremise,whichconstitutesareorganicsystemmode.4.1ThelimitationoftheEnglishandChinesesyntaxThesyntactictheoriesarenotcomplete,whichcannotaccountformanyphenomena.Inbrief,thetheorieshaveagreatinfluence,aswellasstrongpracticality,however,theapplicabilityandthegeneraleligibilityofthetheoriesarestillremaintoimprove,onlybydevelopingandperfectingthetheoryframework,maketheoryconstantlyimprove,whichaimtosuitableformorelanguages.4.2TheexpectationoftheEnglishandChinesesyntaxWecanusetheexistinglanguagefactstoverifythesyntacticfeaturesonthebasisofpredecessorsresearchoftheory,aswellasfartherexplorethesyntaxthelinguistShiDingxusaid:"Inthefullyfromofsyntactictheory, 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