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1、THEEVOLUTIONOFCHINA’SETHNICPOLICIESLAIHongyiEAIBackgroundBriefNo.440DateofPublication:12March2009ExecutiveSummary1.RiotsinTibetinMarch2008andviolenceinXinjianginAugust2008havehighlightedthesignificanceofandchallengestoChina’sethnicpolicies.TheChinesestaterecognises55ethnicminorities
2、,whichaccountfor8.4%ofthepopulation.2.Tenoftheethnicminoritieshaveapopulationoftwoto16millioneach,whiletheremaining45ethnicitiesregisterapopulationofbetween2,900and1.9millioneach.Althoughrelativelysmallinpopulation,ethnicminoritiesinhabit64%ofChina’sarea,mostlyonthebordersandinthewe
3、sternregion.3.Beijing’sethnicpoliciesarespelledoutinRAEM,regionalautonomyforethnicminorities(quyuminzuzizhi民族区域自治),andpractisedusuallyinareaswhere20percentormoreofpopulationisethnicminorities.RAEMwasinspiredbytheSovietethnicpolicy,imperialChina’spracticetowardsethnicgroupsandtheCCP’
4、scompetitionwiththeNationalistsinthe1930sand1940s.4.RAEMwasinstalledinthe1950s,butwasunderminedbyMao’sradicalismfrom1958to1978.Itwasreinstalledin1979.By2000mainlandChinahad154ethnicautonomousareasoffiveprovincial-levelautonomousregions,30autonomousprefectures,and119autonomouscountie
5、sorleagues.5.Otherthanlimitedadministrativeautonomy,RAEMprovidesethnicminoritieswithadministrative,economicandculturalprivileges,useofethnicminority’slanguagesatschools,fiscalsubsidies,economicaidforethnicareasfromthestateandotherprovinces,andpreservationofethnicculturalelementsandh
6、eritages.6.Inaddition,ethnicminoritiesaresubjecttolaxrestrictionsinbirthcontrol,admissiontoschools,collegesanduniversitiesandemploymentinstateoripublicinstitutions.Theyareeventreatedfavourablybythestateinjudicialandcivildisputes.7.Inthe1990s,however,autonomousareassufferedfrominadeq
7、uatefiscalsupportfromthestate,asthestatewasfocusingoncoastaldevelopment.Thisledtogrowingfiscaldeficitsanddecliningnationaleconomicstandingoftheseareas.8.Inresponsetogrowingdiscontentfromtheseregions,aswellasunrestinTibetandXinjianginthe1990s,Beijinglaunchedthewesterndevelopmentprogr
8、ammein2000anda“flou
