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1、2010年西方文化入门(Handout13)EconomicandPhilosophicalThinkersintheEnlightenmentDecember,2010PartITheEncyclopediaThemid-centurywitnessedthepublicationoftheEncyclopedia,oneofthegreatestmonumentsoftheEnlightenmentanditsmostmonumentalundertakingintherealmofprintculture.Undertheheroicleaders
2、hipofDenisDiderot(1713-1784),andJeanleRondd’Alembert,thefirstvolumeappearedin1751.Eventually,numberingseventeenvolumesoftextandelevenofplates(illustrations),theprojectwascompletedin1772.TheEncyclopedia,inpartacollectivepleaforfreedomofexpression,reachedfruitiononlyaftermanyattemp
3、tstocensoritandtohaltitspublication.Itwastheproductofthecollectiveeffortofmorethan100authors,anditseditorshadatonetimeoranothersolicitedarticlesfromallthemajorFrenchphilosophes.Itincludedthemostadvancedcriticalideasofthetimeonreligion,government,andphilosophy.Toavoidofficialcensu
4、re,theseideasoftenhadtobehiddeninobscurearticlesorunderthecoverofirony.TheEncyclopediaalsoincludedimportantarticlesandillustrationsonmanufacturing,canalbuilding,shipconstruction,andimprovedagriculture,makingitanimportantsourceofknowledgeabouteighteenth-centurysocialandeconomiclif
5、e.Between14,000and16,000copiesofvariouseditionsoftheEncyclopediaweresoldbefore1789.TheprojecthadbeendesignedtosecularizelearningandundermineintellectualassumptionsthatlingeredfromtheMiddleAgesandtheReformation.Thearticlesonpolitics,ethicsandsocietyignoreddivinelawandconcentratedo
6、nhumanityanditsimmediatewell-being.TheEncyclopedistslookedtoantiquityratherthantotheChristiancenturiesfortheirintellectualandethicalmodels.Forthem,thefuturewelfareofhumankindlaynotinpleasingGodorfollowingdivinecommandments,butratherinharnessingthepowerandtheresourcesoftheEarthand
7、inlivingatpeacewithone’sfellowhumanbeings.Thegoodlifelayhereandnowandwastobeachievedthroughtheapplicationofreasontohumanrelationships.WiththepublicationoftheEncyclopedia,EnlightenmentthoughtbecamemorefullydiffusedovertheContinent,penetratingGermanandRussianintellectualandpolitica
8、lcircles.(p.659,TheWesternHeritage,Volum
