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1、重庆大学西方文化入门复习汇总December,20101.WhatwerethemainfeaturesofancientGreekstatesociety?YoumaytakethestateofAthensandthestateofSpartaasanexample.(Handouts1-2)1)ThedistinguishingfeaturesofancientGreeksocietywerethedivisionbetweenfreeandslave,thedifferingrolesofmenandwomen,therelativelackofstatusdistinct
2、ionsbasedonbirth,andtheimportanceofreligion.Also,DuringtheArchaicAgetheGreeksdevelopedthemostwidespreadandinfluentialoftheirnewpoliticalforms,thecity-state,orpolis.2)TheAthenianwereverydifferentfromtheancientSpartans.Sparta,forinstance,wasaplaceofgreatdetermination.TheSpartansbelievedinastrong
3、army.AllSpartanboysweretrainedtobesoldiers.WhenthePersiansinvadedGreece,theothercity-stateslookedespeciallytoSpartaanditsarmytokeepthemsafe.Thecity-stateofAthenswasthebirthplaceofmanysignificantideas.AncientAthenianswereathoughtfulpeoplewhoenjoyedthesystematicstudyofsubjectssuchasscience,philo
4、sophy,andhistory,tonameafew.Atheniansplacedaheavyemphasisonthearts,architecture,andliterature.TheAtheniansbuiltthousandsoftemplesandstatuesthatembodiedtheirunderstandingofbeauty.Todaytheterm"classical"isusedtodescribetheirenduringstyleofartandarchitecture.Atheniansalsoenjoyedademocraticformofg
5、overnmentinwhichsomeofthepeoplesharedpower.2.WhatkindofsocietywasRomeasaRepublic?HowdidRomanrepublicbecomeaworldpower?1)TheRomanRepublicwastheperiodoftheancientRomancivilizationwherethegovernmentoperatedasarepublic.ItbeganwiththeoverthrowoftheRomanmonarchy,traditionallydatedaround508BC.Earlyin
6、therepublic,allpowerwasconcentratedintothehandsofthepatricians,aristocratic,wealthylandholders.Plebianswereanyonewhowasnotapatrician(theequestrianclasswouldcomelater),andmanywerejustaswealthyasthepatricians.These"aristocratic"plebianscametofightwhathasbeencalledthe"WaroftheOrders"withthearisto
7、cratsinchargeoverthenext200years.Duringthistimeperiod,duringtheearly5thcentury,atribuneofPlebianswaselectedtoprotecttheirclass'srights,andreservedthepowertoveomovementbytheartocraticSenate.By367BC,thefirstplebianhadbeenelectedconsul,and
