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1、www.kaobo100.com中国考博辅导首选学校2015中国政法大学考博英语真题阅读理解精练Computerprogrammersoftenremarkthatcomputingmachines,withaperfectlackofdiscrimination,willdoanyfoolishthingtheyaretoldtodo.Thereasonforthislies,ofcourse,inthenarrowfixationofthecomputingmachine’s“intelligence”onthedetails
2、ofitsownperceptions—itsinabilitytobeguidedbyanylargecontext.Inapsychologicaldescriptionofthecomputerintelligence,threerelatedadjectivescometomind:single-minded,literal-minded,andsimple-minded.Recognizingthis,weshouldatthesametimerecognizethatthissingle-mindedness,lite
3、ral-mindedness,andsimple-mindednessalsocharacterizestheoreticalmathematics,thoughtoalesserextent.Sincesciencetriestodealwithreality,eventhemostprecisesciencesnormallyworkwithmoreorlessimperfectlyunderstoodapproximationstowardwhichscientistsmustmaintainanappropriateske
4、pticism.Thus,forinstance,itmaycomeasashocktomathematicianstolearnthattheSchrodingerequationforthehydrogenatomisnotaliterallycorrectdescriptionofthisatom,butonlyanapproximationtoasomewhatmorecorrectequationtakingaccountofspin,magneticdipole,andrelativisticeffects;andth
5、atthiscorrectedequationisitselfonlyanimperfectapproximationtoaninfinitesetofquantumfield-theoreticalequations.Physicists,lookingattheoriginalSchrodingerequation,learntosenseinitthepresenceofmanyinvisibletermsinadditiontothedifferentialwww.kaobo100.com中国考博辅导首选学校termsvi
6、sible,andthissenseinspiresanentirelyappropriatedisregardforthepurelytechnicalfeaturesoftheequation.Thisveryhealthyskepticismisforeigntothemathematicalapproach.Mathematicsmustdealwithwell-definedsituations.Thus,mathematiciansdependonanintellectualeffortoutsideofmathema
7、ticsforthecrucialspecificationoftheapproximationthatmathematicsistotakeliterally.Givemathematiciansasituationthatistheleastbitill-defined,andtheywillmakeitwell-defined,perhapsappropriately,butperhapsinappropriately.Insomecases,themathematiciansliteral-mindednessmayhav
8、eunfortunateconsequences.Themathematiciansturnthescientists’theoreticalassumptionsthatis,theirconvenientpointsofanalyticalem
