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1、Extractfrom:D.Maltoni,D.Maio,A.K.Jain,S.PrabhakarHandbookofFingerprintRecognitionSpringer,NewYork,2003Chapter1:Introduction(Copyright2003,SpringerVerlag.AllrightsReserved.)1Introduction1.1IntroductionMorethanacenturyhaspassedsinceAlphonseBertillonfirstconceivedandthenindustri-ouslypractic
2、edtheideaofusingbodymeasurementsforsolvingcrimes(Rhodes,1956).Justashisideawasgainingpopularity,itfadedintorelativeobscuritybyafarmoresignificantandpracticaldiscoveryofthedistinctivenessofthehumanfingerprints.In1893,theHomeMinis-tryOffice,UK,acceptedthatnotwoindividualshavethesamefingerpr
3、ints.Soonafterthisdiscovery,manymajorlawenforcementdepartmentsembracedtheideaoffirstbookingthefingerprintsofcriminals,sothattheirrecordsarereadilyavailableandlaterusingleftoverfingerprintsmudges(latents),theycoulddeterminetheidentityofcriminals.Theseagenciessponsoredarigorousstudyoffinger
4、prints,developedscientificmethodsforvisualmatchingoffingerprintsandstrongprograms/culturesfortrainingfingerprintexperts,andappliedtheartoffingerprintrecognitionfornailingdowntheperpetrators(Scott(1951)andLeeandGaensslen(2001)).Despitetheingeniousmethodsimprovisedtoincreasetheefficiencyoft
5、hemanualap-proachtofingerprintindexingandsearch,theevergrowingdemandsonmanualfingerprintrecognitionquicklybecameoverwhelming.Themanualmethodoffingerprintindexingre-sultedinahighlyskeweddistributionoffingerprintsintobins(types):mostfingerprintsfellintoafewbinsandthisdidnotimprovesearcheffi
6、ciency.Fingerprinttrainingproceduresweretime-intensiveandslow.Furthermore,demandsimposedbythepainstakingattentionneededtovisuallymatchthefingerprintsofvariedqualities,tediumofthemonotonousnatureofthework,andincreasingworkloadsduetoahigherdemandonfingerprintrecognitionser-vices,allprompted
7、thelawenforcementagenciestoinitiateresearchintoacquiringfinger-printsthroughelectronicmediaandautomatefingerprintrecognitionbasedonthedigitalrepresentationoffingerprints.TheseeffortsledtodevelopmentofAutomaticFingerprintIdentificationSystems(AFIS)overthepastfewdecad
