Unit 4 Legal Education in America

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1、Proverbs:Agoodconscienceisasoftpillow心中无愧疚，不怕鬼敲门。Guiltyconsciencesmakemancowards心中有愧疚，胆战又心惊。Unit4LegalEducationinAmericaI.ABriefHistoryPriorto1865theintellectualoriginsofAmericanlegaltrainingwerepredominantlyEnglish.MostAmericanattorneysinthe19thcenturylearnedlawthroughtheEnglishappre

2、nticeshipapproach.WilliamBlackstone(1723—1780)hadestablishedaplaceforstudentandpractitioneruseoflegaltreatiseswithhisfour-volumeCommentariesontheLawsofEngland,whichwaswidelyusedinAmericaneditionsandemulatedinCommentariesonAmericanLaw.Thefirstlawschoolsevolvedoutoflawofficesthattookina

3、pprenticeclerksforafee.Afewattorneyspreferredinstructingclerksratherthanpracticinglawandgainedareputationforteaching.TheLitchfieldLawSchool,whichoperatedfrom1784to1833andattractedstudentsfromseveralstates,orthe20otherlawoffice-typeschoolspatternedonit,clearlyshowedtheirEnglishparentag

4、e.HarvardLawSchool,whichopenedin1817,wasanordinaryLitchfield-typelawschoolatfirst.Butatlastitrosetoprominence,whichwasattributableprimarilytotheappointmentofCharlesEliot(1834—1906)asuniversitypresidentin1869andChristopherColumbusLandell(1826—1906)tothenewlycreatedpostoflawschooldeanin

5、1870.Ofthetwomen,Eliotwasthemoreimportant,initiatingandsupportingreformthroughouttheuniversityactively.Landell’smostsignificantinnovationwastheintroductionofaninstructionalmethodutilizingSocraticdialoguetodiscussappellatecourtcases.TheAmericanlawschoolstudentpopulationfrom1870to1900gr

6、ewfrom1650to12500whilethenumberoflawschoolsincreasedfrom31to102.Attheturnof20thcenturythreequartersoftheschoolswereaffiliatedwithacollegeorauniversity.Buttherewerealso20nightlawschoolscateringtotheurbanmassesandemphasizinglocallawandpracticemuchmorethanuniversitylawschools.Elitelawyer

7、sbegantoworryaboutstandardsandtheinfluxofimmigrantattorneystrainedatthenightschools.Statebarassociationsbegantotightenupqualifyingexaminations.Theschoolsthemselvesin1900createdtheAssociationofAmericanLawSchools(AALS),whichtogetherwiththeAmericanBarAssociation(ABA)wentintothestandardsa

8、ndacc