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1、北京大学医学部PekingUniversityHealthScienceCenterMedicalMicrobiologyExcellentCurriculum精品课程医学微生物学细菌的形态与结构MorphologyandstructuralofbacteriaAgeneralviewofbacteriaBacteriaareagroupofphylogeneticallyrelatedprokaryotesincludingtypicalbacteria,mycoplasma,chlamydia,rickettsia,spirochetesandactinomyce
2、s.Bacteriaaresmallsinglecellmicrobesthathavetobeobservedbymicroscopes.Theyarepresentjustabouteverywhere.Someofthemareharmfultous,butmanyofthembenefitourlife.ThesizeofbacteriaandthesignificanceofbeingsmallMeasureofbacterialsizes:μm=1/1000mm细菌体积微小,相对表面积大,有利于其与外界的物质交换。故细菌代谢旺盛,繁殖迅速=Surface4
3、r2Volume4/3r3=r3Threetypicalshapesofbacteria杆菌Bacillus球菌Coccus螺形菌Spiral-shapedbacterium弧菌Vibrio螺菌Spirillum螺旋体Spirochete螺形菌Spiral-shapedbacterium细菌的结构细胞膜细胞壁核质细胞质特殊结构菌毛荚膜鞭毛芽胞基本结构包绕在细胞膜外的一层坚韧有弹性的结构含有肽聚糖(peptidoglycan)维持形态、抵抗低渗、物质交换、具抗原性和染色性革兰氏染色法(GramStain)可区分细菌细胞壁差别革兰氏阳性菌(Grampositiveba
4、cteria,G+bacteria)革兰氏阴性菌(Gramnegativebacteria,G-bacteria)细胞壁Cellwall聚糖骨架(peptidoglycanbackbone):含N-乙酰胞壁酸和N-乙酰葡萄糖胺,两者交替间隔排列,由β-1,4糖苷键相连四肽侧链(peptidesidechain):与聚糖骨架上N-乙酰胞壁酸相连五肽交联桥(peptideinterbridge):连接两个相邻的四肽侧链细胞壁肽聚糖结构1.肽聚糖含量丰富,层厚,20~50层2.肽聚糖=聚糖骨架+四肽侧链+五肽交联桥=三维立体结构3.含特有组分磷壁酸,此外,某些菌有特殊表面蛋
5、白革兰氏阳性菌细胞壁特点(壁)磷壁酸(Teichoicacid)脂(或膜)磷壁酸(Lipoteichoicacid,LTA)如A族链球菌M蛋白金黄色葡萄球菌A蛋白革兰氏阳性菌细胞壁特殊组分具抗原性+粘附作用1.肽聚糖含量少,层薄,1~3层2.肽聚糖=聚糖骨架+四肽侧链=二维平面结构3.肽聚糖层外具有独特的外膜,由脂质双层、脂蛋白和脂多糖组成,外膜与内膜之间的间隙称周浆间隙革兰氏阴性菌细胞壁特点Toxic,anchorsinOM脂多糖=内毒素Lipopolysaccharide(LPS)=EndotoxinSpeciesorserotype-specific,Oanti
6、genGenus-specificThecellwallofGramnegativebacteriaOM:Endotoxin:LipidAgivestoxicproperties(fever&shock)Negativecharge:ProtectsfromphagocytosisOMP:BarriertosomeantibioticsOpolysaccharides:SerotypingantigensPeriplasm:RichofenzymesPeptidoglycan:SupportingstructureG-bacteria:functionsofcellw
7、all革兰氏阳性菌与革兰氏阴性菌细胞壁区别G+菌细胞壁G-菌细胞壁肽聚糖含量丰富、层厚少、薄肽聚糖结构三维立体结构二维平面结构五肽交联桥有无磷壁酸有无外膜无有细菌细胞壁缺陷型(Cellwalldeficientforms,CWDF;L-form)DerivedfromnormalG+orG-bacteriaInducedbyantibiotics,lysozyme,etcDifferentfromoriginalcellsinmanyways:morphology,culture,staining,antigenicity,susceptibilit