霍尔顿与贾宝玉叛逆精神对比研究

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摘要／f《麦田里的守望者》讲述的是一个苦恼的十六岁少年霍尔顿·考尔菲德第四次被学校开除后三天的见闻和感受。当时的美国社会在他看来只关注物质生活而精神却非常空虚。随着小说情节的发展，他焦虑、压抑的情绪也越来越强烈。社会上弥漫着“虚伪”之风，失望中，他踏上了寻求人的本性的征程。《红楼梦》的魅力简而言之在于全面、真实的揭示了年轻一代的天真、热诚、优雅和温柔。贾宝玉这个家世显赫又极富天赋的男孩对科举制度、封建等级制度、封建伦理道德、及封建家族为他设计的大好前程不屑一顾，转而追求男女平等、爱情与婚姻自由。作者对其倾注了仝部的同情，在除了门外两个石狮子干净，其余都是“渣滓浊沫”的荣、宁两府中他是最纯洁的一个男性。他闪耀的光辉照亮了晦暗的贾府的一角，推动了大观园之春的形成。，《麦田里的守望者》与《红楼梦》两部作品写于不同的时代，在时间上帽一。7．差近200年，在空间上一个发生在资本主义社会的美国，一‘个发生在封建社会的中国，但是两个男主人公却有着惊人的相似之处：他们都是各自时代的叛逆都是“与他们各自生存的社会抗争的个人”。两位作者在不同的时代、地区及不同的历史、文化背景下创作出如此相似的人物形象绝对不是偶然的。作为他们各自时代精神的叛逆，他们对生活的目的、意义的追求和失望是超越时代的。／f论文第一章丰要论述了二者反叛精神的共性。他们都是社会的叛逆者，鄙视流行的价值观，对正统的文化有叛逆心理。主流文化对男性的许多期待，比如教育，都被他们等闲视之了。他们没有追随主流文化的路标，追求主流文化所推崇的声名。归根结底，两个天赋极好的男孩所反抗的是教育所要达到的不lF确的目的，而非教育本身。资本主义社会的滥情及封建社会男尊女卑的伦 理观念对二者的影响微乎其微，在纵欲的大环境下，霍尔顿和宝玉以自己的方式尊重和照顾女孩，向往真正的爱情和平等的精神交流。对霍尔顿和宝玉来说衡量社会价值的唯一标准是真诚。他们所渴望的真善美的伊旬园分别是晶茕透明的儿童世界和大观园的女儿国。在霍尔顿那个矫揉造作、金钱至上的环境及宝玉周围肮脏的男人世界，真诚与纯洁无容身之地。他们只能在孩子与女儿世界里才能得到精神上片刻的安宁。一些年轻人特有的反复无常、自相矛盾的想法经常困扰着霍尔顿，而宝玉既是封建贵族阶级的叛逆者，又是安富尊荣的贵公子，因此在追求真诚与纯洁的过程中也充分暴露了双重性的特征。第二章对二者叛逆性格的根源即神经症人格(在特定文化背景中病态的人格结构)进行了初步探索。判断一个人正常与否的标准是看他的行为方式是否明显不同于社会公认的行为标准。人格的形成及其存在状态必然受社会与个人因素的共同影响。霍尔顿与宝玉都活在理想与现实的强烈冲突中。霍尔顿小弟弟的夭折加重了他的青春期危机和神经症人格，而他又没有得到来自成人世界应有的帮助，包括老师及父母。而宝玉女性化衣着及居住空间的长期熏陶助长了其女性化人格，长姐元春早年如母的关怀及贾母的溺爱加重了他敏感、脆弱及依赖的个性。第三章揭示y-者叛逆的结局。霍尔顿试着与这个社会和解，宝玉皈依了佛教，他们都陷于梦醒了无路可走的尴尬境地，因此他们的反叛是不彻底的。霍尔顿最终意识到生活的肮脏和龌龊是不可避免的。他冷静而敏感、天真而深刻地洞察到了成人世界的噎落，却又不得已放弃幻想丽深受折磨。然而无论怎样妥协他都不会变成第二个斯特拉德莱塔，他的内心将永远保持纯洁，尽管表面可能会蒙上一层浮灰。他与社会的妥协是有所保留的，他的心理与情感都将 与社会保持一定距离。贾宝玉得力于长姐与贾母的溺爱，得以避开污浊的现实遁逃到火观园，厮守在女儿国。然而这军并非是真正的世外桃源，该来的暴风雨总会来。与他强大的对手相比，宝玉太微不足道了。当美好的理想一个个像肥皂泡破灭后，他在心灰意灭、无力反抗中离尘而去。这是他所能做得对封建家族的最大反抗。然而他的皈依既不能阻止有价值的东西继续被毁灭，也不能减轻他自身的痛苦。在那个时代宗教与世俗社会交织在一起，出家是从一个浊世进入另一个浊世，注定了他反叛的悲剧性结局。他们所承受的内心的痛苦与挣扎是我们每个人的镜子，是自从人类诞生以来就想摆脱的。这是整个人类的悲剧，就像霍尔顿说的，“永远找不到一个舒服、宁静的地方，囚为这样的地方并不存在。”他们在以自己的方式反抗，尽管都没有成功。像他们一样，我们都是各自人生悲剧的丰角。：关键词：叛逆J神经症人格人性悲剧善-、、：j，、p、”。 AbstractTheCatcherintheRyeisconcemedaboutthethreedays’lifeexperienceofHolden，atroubledsixteen-year-oldboywhohasbeenexpelledfromfourschools．Thesocietyhelivesinseemstohimtobeshallowandonlyconcernedwithmaterialthings．Hissenseofanxietyanddepressionincreasesasthenovelprogresses．Inthegrowingdisillusionmentwiththe‘'phonies”permeatingthroughtheworld，hesetsouttopurchasetheoriginalhumannature．ThecharmofADreamofRedMansionslies，inshort，inits‘'revealingyouthfullyandtruthfully，initsuncoveringthenai'vet6，zeal，graceandtendemessoftheyoungergeneration”．JiaBaoyu，anintelligentboyofexcellentbreeding，standsforequalitybetweenmenandwomenaswellasthefreedomofloveandmarriage，insteadoffavoringtheimperialcivilexamination，thefeudalsocialestatesystem，thefeudalethicalcodes，andthewayaheadthefeudalfamilyhasdesignedforhim．Heistheonlyherothattheauthorpoursfullcompassionandisthepurestoneamongthe‘‘mendirtyandstinking”intheNingandRongMansionswhereallarefilthyexceptthetwostonelionsstandingatthegate．HisshiningbrilliancelightsonepartofthegloomyJiaMansionandthushelpstoformthespringofGrandViewGarden．TheCatcherin抽gRyeandADreamofRedMansionswerewrittenindi盯henttimes，thetimegapbetweenwhichisover200years，andSOfarastospace，oneisincapitalismAmerica，andtheotherinfeudalChina；however，thetwoheIDeshavedramaticsimilarities：botharerebelsoftheirtimes，andbothare“individualsbattlingwiththevaluesofthesocietyinwhichtheylive”．Itisbynomeans fortuitousthatthetwoauthorscreateSOanalogousliteraryfiguresindifferentage，region，andhistoricalandculturalbackground．Itshowsthatasrebelsoftheirage，theirpersonalsearchforanddespairaboutthemeaningandpurposeoflifearebeyondtimes．ChapterOnefocusesonthesimilaritiesoftheirrebelliousspirit．Bothofthemarerebelsofsociety，despisetheco舢onvaluesandrevoltagainsttheirrespectiveSO-calledorthodoxideas．Manyunalterablethings，suchaseducation，thatthemaincultureexpectsmentodoareregardedasunimportantbythem．Theydon’tchoosetofollowthelandmarkthatthemainstreamcultureindicates；neitherdotheypursuethefamethatthemainstreamcultureappreciates．Fundamentallyspeaking，astwotalentedboys，whattheyrebelagainstistheimproperpurposeofeducationoftheirownage．insteadoftheeducationitself．PervertedloveinAmericaatthattimeandtheconceptthatmenaresuperiortowomeninfeudalChinahavelittleinfluenceonthesetWOteenageboys．Inspiteoftherealityofsexualindulgenceattheirages，HoldenandBaoyuadmireandcaregirlsintheirownwayandyearnfortrueloveandequalspiritualcommunication．EitherforHoldenorforBaoyu，sincerityisregardedasthesolecriterionofsocialvalues．TheEdenoftruth，goodandbeauty，whichtheyareeagerfor，arethenaiveworldofchildrenandthefeminineworldofGrandViewGarden．Intheaffectedandmoney—worshipworldofHoldenandtheindecentmen’sworldofBaoyu，thereisnowhereforsincerityandpurity．Onlyhidingintheworldofchildrenandgirlscouldtheygetspiritualsatisfaction．Baoyuisarebelofthenoble feudalclassaswellasanaristocratlivingapeacefulandprosperouslife．AsforHolden，thecapriciouscontradictoryideasalealwayshuntinghim，whichistypicaloftheyoungman．Andthusintheirpursuitofsincerityandpurity．thedualityintheirpersonalityisinthefullexposureChapterTwoexplorestheneuroticpersonality，referringtothemorbidpersonalityunderagivenculturethatcausestheirrebelliouscharacter．Anygivensocietyhasitstypicalbehaviorsandmodesgenerallyadvocatedbythecontemporaries，thereforeforminganacknowledgedcriteriontotellwhetherapersonisnormalorabnormal．Thatistosay，ifheorshefollowsthemainstream，thepersonistotallynormal；viceversa．Theformingoftheindividualpersonalityanditsexistingstatealeinfluencedbysocietyaswellaspersonalelements．EitherHoldenorBaoyuareintheviolentconflictionofidealandreality．Holden’Slittlebrother’Sdeathexacerbateshisadolescentcrisisandthusattributestohisneuroticpersonality．Hefailstogettheguidanceheneedsfromhisteachersorfromtheotheradultshemeetsandevenhisparents．ThegradualinfluenceexertedbyBaoyu’sfeminizeddressingandlivingplaceaddstohistransformationtothefeminizedpersonality．Inaddition，themother-likeeldersister’sfondnessintheearlydaysandthespoilingandindulgencefromLadyDowagerstimulatehissentimentality，fragilityanddependency．ChapterThreepresentstheendingoftheirrevolt．HoldentriestobecomereconciledwiththerealityandliaBaoyuisconvertedtoBuddhism．Bothcannotfindawayouttosolvetheirproblemswiththesociety，inotherwords，theyare incompleterebelsinsomesense．Holdeniseventuallyawareoftheintrinsicobscenityandfilthoflife．Itisagreattormentforhim．Afterall，heabandonshisillusionalthoughhehasgotanacuteinsightintothecorruptionanddegradationnatureoftheadultworld．Indeed，whateverheturnstobe，hewouldneverbecomethesecondStradlater．Hisinnerheartwillpreservepurityforeverdespiteofthesuperficialpollution．Thushisreconciliationwiththerealityisareservedone，includinghisdistanceawayfromthesocietyinpsychologyandemotions．BenefitingfromthefondnessofhiseldersisterYuanchtmandLadyDowager，BaoyuisabletoescapetotheLandofMaidensintheGrandViewGarden，whereisjustasaLandofPeachBlossomsinthesulliedworld．Therehespendsthemostpleasanttimeofhisworldlylife．However，thestormsthatshouldhavecomewouldcomesoonerorlaterComparedwithhisstrongopponent，BaoyuisSOinsignificantthatheisunabletofightwithit．Whenallhisfantasiesvanishlikesoapbubbles，heisdisillusionedwithandwithdrawsfromthewaysoftheearthlylifeandbecomesaBuddhist．Itisthestrongestprotestthathecouldthinkofagainsthisclanandfamily．However,hiswithdrawalcannotpreventthevaluablethingsfrombeingcorruptedbythatageandnorcanitalleviatehisownsufferingfeelings．HisrevoltisdoomedtOatragedysincethecrumblingsecularworldhadbeeninterwovenwiththeimpureandcomplicatedreligiousworld．Theirinnermiseriesandconflictionisthemirrorofthoseofeveryindividualintheworld．Suchmiseriesandconfliction，whichhumanbeingaretryingtogetridoCbutcannot，aretroublingUSsincethebirthofman．Itisthetragedyofallthe humanbeing，forwe“call’teverfindaptacethat’Sniceandpeaceful．becausethereisn’tany．”TheyrebelagainstthefilthysocialvaluesintheirOWnway，althoughitcannotbecalledacompleterevolt．EveryolleofUS，likeHoldenandBaoyu，istheheroofthelifetragedy。KeyWords：revok，neuroticpersonality，tragedyofnature． 原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师的指导下，独立进行研究所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的科研成果。对本文的研究作出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律责任由本人承担。论文作者签名：I≥冬柳日期：划关于学位论文使用授权的声明⋯⋯：岍臌名掣⋯‘一 山东大学硕士论宴_IntroductionTheCatcherinTheRyeissetjustaftertheSecondWorldWar，whenthecountrywasveryprosperousandhadatremendousmilitaryforce．Meanwhile，Americabecamethefirstreal‘'consumersociety”；itspeopleweregenerallyweltoffandtheybelievedAmericawasthegreatestcountryintheworld。MarshallPlaninitiatedin1947markedthebeginningofColdWarthroughouttheworld。Americaactedasthe‘‘worldpolice’’andinterveneforcefullyandrudelytheinternalaffairsofothercountries；initsowncountrytheterriblepropagandaofintemalsubversionbroughtaboutseriouspoliticalpersecution．Thehighhandedpolicyoppressedanobedienttime．Thecommonphilosophyoflifewastoconformtotheseacceptedordersandlobecontentwiththingsastheywere．Suchself-satisfactionattitudesdisguisedthesufferingsofthesuppressedorevenlostindividuality。Thepeoplewereoftensuspiciousofanyonewhowasdifferentfromothers，orwhodidnotsharetheirbeliefsaboutAmericansociety’Sgreatness．Peoplewhosebeliefsdifferedfromtherlormwereoftendcnouncedas“unAnleriean'’or‘'communistsympathizers”1．Duringthe1950ssomeyouthcouldn’tbeartheboringandshallowspirituallifeandstartedtomakea11identityofthemandexploreanewlifewithhopeandtruth．HoldenCaulfieldinTheCatcher加theRyebelongstothosewhoareeagerforpurchasingtheoriginalhumannature．Thenovelisconcernedaboutthethreedays’lifeexperienceofHolden，atroubledsixteen—year-oldboywhohasbeenexpelled 出衷太学硕}论文fromfourschools．Althoughthemainactiontakesplacewithinthethreedays，therearefrequentflashbackstoearliereventsinHoiden’searlylife。ThestoryistoldbyHoldenhimself,whoisrecuperatingfromamentalbreakdowninaCalifornianhospital．Holden’sstorybeginswiththedayheisdroppedoutoftheschoolforthefourthtime．Beinginformedthathewouldbekickedofftheschoolattheendofthesemester,Holdenisinsuchabadmoodthathedecidestowanderforsomedaysbeforehegoeshometolethisparentsknowthebadnews，Wefirstmeethimwhenhehasbeen‘'ostracized”bythefencingteam．Heisonhisowllwheneveryoneelseisenjoyingthemselvesatafootballmatch．TheclimaxinPenceyPrepisHolden’sfightwithStradlater,whichdrivesHoldcutoleaveschoolearlierthanhehastoHolden’smemoryofhappytimeswithJanehasbeenspoiltbyStradlaterandhecannotgettheimageofStradlaterwitllJaneoutofhismind．Hc“escapes”totheworldofNewYorkCity,butheoftenfindsitafrighteningplace；ifnotfrightening，thenfullofshallowpeople，or“phonies”ashecallsthem．ThecityrepresentsthatwhichHoldcnseesasbadintheworld．Thesocialworldofnightclubsandbarsinwhichhespendshistimearefullofuncaringpeoplewithnorealmoralvalues．Nooneseems埝havetimeforanybodyelse。everyoneisthinkingaboutthemselves，Nearlyallthecity—dwellersseemflawedinsomeway，asifthecityhascorruptedthem．AsHoldenseesit．theyalllethimdownwhenheneedsthem．Theonlyexceptionishissister,Phoebe，whoistooyoungtohavebeeninfluencedbythevaluesofthecity．Thepressurewhichsocietyputsonpeopletoconformandtobelikeanother2 末大学媲士论文putsallenormousstrainOilHotden．Hissenseofunhappinessanddepressionincreasesasthenovelprogresses．HeissearchingforsomemeaningtOhislife，orheis“onaquesttofindananswertohisownproblems；heissearchingforhisownlostinnocenceandforasenseofmoralvalues”．2Thesocietyhelivesinseemstohimtobeshallowandonlyconcernedwithmaterialthings．Moneyisthemostimportantthing．ttoldenfeelsitiswrongandincapableoffittingandfindingvalueintheworldinwhichhelives．Heisdisillusionedwimhisworldandrebelsagainstit，FromPenceyPreptoNewYorkCity,throughoutthenovelHoldenis确蛀e鑫lofthesocietyinwhichhelives．Heisportrayedasalloutsiderwhotriestofitinbutcannot．T}liSiSthedilemmaforHoldenthatlcadstohisbreakdown．ADreamofRedMansionsWaSwritteninmid-eighteenthcentury，whichwerethehalcyondaysofQingDynasty+Beingthelastdynasty，itWaSthefinalperiodofgreatstrengthandprosperityinthewholeprogressofthefeudalsociety．Whattheflourishingandpeacefulatmospherecoveredwasadecadentreality．ThevitalityQingDynastybroughtincouldnotsavethedownfallfateoffeudalChina．Ononehand，theruhngclassbecameincreasinglyrotten；besides，variouskindsofcontradictionsinthecountrywereintensifying，andgreatcrisiswashiddeninthesociety：Ontheotherhand。themlersstillcontrolledthequitepowerfulstatemachine，maintainedtheirdominantpositioninpolitical，economical，ideologyandculturefields；furthermore，thespiritofdemocracywasnewlysproutinginsteadofbeingformed3 山东大学硕士论史TheJiaMansionwhereJiaBaoyu，theheroofthenovel，livesisamacrocosmoftheworldofitstime．“TheJias，althoughtheyhavebeenadistinguishedclanforgenerations，areindecline，notonlyeconomically—theincomefromtheirestatesisnolongersufficienttosupporttheirlavishlifestyle—butmoreimportantly，theyayeindeclinemorallyandspiritually．”3Alltheuglythingsarebeingprotectedwhilethebeautifulthingsarebeingdestructed．Thisfeudalclangivesoffitsrottenandstiflingsmell：economiccrisis，hollowspirits，minedmorality，licentiouslifeoftherulers，conflictbetweenmasterandservantandthatbetweenthehouse’Slegalwifeandhisconcubines，etc．Livinginsuchaperiodandafamily,peoplewhohaven’tlosttheirreasonandintuitiveknowledgeinsideofthenoblelordclasshavethepossibilityofdoubtingmanyaspectsoftheirownsocialstratum．JiaBaoyuismanofthattype．Thecharmofthenovellies，inshort，inits“revealingyouthfullyandtruthfully，initsuncoveringthenal．vet6，zeal，graceandtendernessoftheyoungergeneration”．4AlthoughtheerainwhichtheprotagonistsofthenovelJiaBaoyuandLinDaiyulived，togetherwithitssocialconditionsandculturalenvironment，haslongsincevanished，theirdreamsandlongings，togetherwiththoseoftheyoungladiesoftheGrandViewGarden，stillstrikeasympatheticchordintheheartsofthepeopleoftoday．JiaBaoyu，anintelligentboyofexcellentbreeding，suspectstheimperialcivilexamination，thefeudalsocialestatesystem，thefeudalethicalcodes，andthewayaheadthefeudalfamilydesignedforhim，andstandsforequalitybetweenmenandwomenaswellasthefreedomofloveandmarriage．Hehasnoinclinationforthearistocraticwayoflife，whichhefinds4 山东大学霸。{：论文hypocritical，hatefulandcorrupt．Tohim，purebeautyistobefoundinyounggirls，includinglowbornservantgirls．Ifwemakeananalysisfurther，wecarlfindthekeywordistheliberationofindividuality．Whathedoubtsisthesuppressiontohisindividualityfiberation，whilewhathe辩ickstoisthespecificdemandsofindividualityliberation．Inpursuingtheindividuality，hestrugglestoescapethebondsofhonorandsplendor,ethicalcodes，powerandposition，whicharehighlyfavoredbyhisclan．Heistheonlyherothattheauthorpoursfullcompassionandisthepurestoneamongthe‘'mendirtyandstinking'’intheNingandRongMansionswhereallarefilthyexceptthetwostonelionsstandingatthegate．HisslfiningbrilliancelightsonepartofthegloomyJiaMansionandthushelpstoformthespringofGrandViewGardenTheCatcher抽theRyeandADreamofRedMansionswerewrittenindifferenttimes，thetimegapbetweenwhichisover200years，andSOfarastospace,oneisincapitalismAmerica,andtheotherinfeudalChina；however,thetwoheroeshavedramaticsimilarities：botharerebelsoftheirtimes，andbothare“individualsbattlingwiththevaluesofthesocietyinwhichtheylive”。5Itgoeswithoutsayingthattheirpersonalitiesthatareagainsttherespectivesocialvaluesaresuretobesuppressed，attackedanddestroyed，Asrebelsoftheirrespectivetime,tlleyenduregreatpressuresexceedbytheenvironments．Withtheirowndimideals，theyaleseekingforunderstandingandthewayofself-expressionindeeploneliness．ItisbynomeansfortuitousthatthetwoauthorscreateSOanalogousS 山东大学硕L论文literaryfiguresindifferentage，region，andhistoricalandculturalbackground．Itshowsthatasrebelsoftheirage，theirpersonalsearchforanddespairaboutthemeaningandpurposeoflifearebeyondtimes6 山东夫学硕士论文ChapterOneHoidenandJiaBaoyu：SocialRebellsAssocialrebels，bothHoldenandJiaBaoyudespisethecon3IBOnvaluesandrevoltagainsttheirrespectiveSO-calledorthodoxideas．HoldenisfromastablebackgroundandhisparentsarequitewealthyandBaoyuistheheirofahereditaryfamily，Beingbroughtupinsuchsuperiorenvironment，theirfutureLifeseemstohavebeenwellzu,ranged，thatis，tobea‘'successful”mallliketheirpatriarchs．EducationWasavitalpartoftheirlife，however,bothofthemwereunwillingtoacceptthewayofstudyingtheirtimesimposedtothem。ManyunalterablethingsthatthemaincultureexpectsmentodowereregardedasunimportantbythemThemiddleclassfamilydesignsabrightfuturet-orHolden，thatiStogotouniversity,sitintheofficeandearnalargeamountofmoney，whilewhathisparentsandthesocialvaluesappreciatedseemstobephilistinetohim。HisreluctancecouldbeclearlyperceivedatPencey，wherehewasverysarcasticaboutthe‘'phony”intheschoolaswellasitsclaimsto‘'mould”studentsintovaluablemembersofsociety。Schoolisnormallywhereyoungpeoplelearntobecomeresponsiblemembersoftheirsociety，butHoldenrejectsthe‘'values”ofPenceyjustashedidtheotherthreeschoolsfromwhichhewasexpelled．HoldenmocksMr．Osseuburger，aso—calledgentlemanwhobecomesabigphotoafterleavingPenceyHowever,themanisregardedasasomethingmerelybecauseofhismoney,ratherthanbecausehehasdoneanythingofvalueforothers．ALloftheschoolsHoldenhasattendedarefortherichandpfivileged．Manymembersofsocietywouldthinkthemselvesluckytocatchtheseopportunities，butHoldenseemstofeelguiltand7 山东大学蛾士避文angerathissituationandrebelsagainstit．Oneofthebiggestreasonsheleavesanotherschoo{ElktonHillsiSbecausehethinksthatheissurroundedbyphonies．Mr．Haasisthe‘'phoniestbastard”heevermetinhislife．OnSundays，forinstance，oldHaasgoesaroundshakinghands娟搬everybody’Sparentswhentheydriveuptosch001．Ifsomebody’Sfatherisoneofthoseguysthatwearthosesuitswithverybigshouldersandcornyblack-mid—whiteshoes，thenoldHaaswouldjustshakehandswiththemandgivethemaphonysmileandthenhe’dgotalk。formaybeahalfanhour,withsomebodyelse’Sparents。DuringthethousandsofyearsoffeudalismhistoryinancientChina,thebestwayforintellectualswastoseekallofficialposition，whichnaturallybecamethelifelongobjectofalmostallthescholars．The“FourBooksandFiveClassics"’6istheonlycourseprescribedbytheimperialcivilexaminations，butBaoyudarestodespisetheseholyclassics．forhehasneverentertainedtheideatObeanofficial，Seeingwithhisowneyesthefilthanddarknessofthenoblefamilyandtheabominablebehavioranddegeneratedmoralit3；Baoyudeeplydeteststhosebureaucratswhocraverankandfortune．Thefeudalpatriarchsofhisnobleclanrequireshimtotreatthoseholyclassicsseriouslyandmasterthetechniquesofeight-partessayinordertobesuccessfulinthehighestimperialexaminationandbringhonortohisfanlity．However,hetakesaperfunctoryattitudetowardsthetraditionalwayofancientscholarsandsneersat‘'thosewhostudyhardSOastogeton”andcallsthem“career-grubbers”．阱DreamofRedMansions，P．377】Vv'henheisfifteenyearsold，hisfatheraskshimtostopversifyingandwritingcouplets，and8 山东大学硕士论文concentrateOnstudyingeight-sectionessays,andsays，“Igiveyouoneyear,Ifyou’vemadenoprogressbytheendofthattimeyouCallstopstudyingand1shalldisownyou!”【RedMansions，p．1778】Onthisissueevenhisamiablegrandmotheragreeswi疆hisfatherandispleasedbythenewsthatheistogohacktoschool。Hispatriarchsconsiderthatheisnolongerachildandit’stimeforhimtostudyforhiscareer，soastoestablish廷msetfandwinanameinfuture。AfterheissenttOthefamilyschoolforthesecondtime，Daiyuchatswithhimabouthisstudying，andheretorts,‘"Don’tmentionstudying!Icarl’tstandsuchmoraltalk。Andthoseeight*sectionessaysarestillmoreridiculous．Usingthemtowangleadegreeandmakealiving—that’snotSObad；buthowcarlyouclaimthey‘voicetheviewsofthesages’?ThebetteronesarenothingbutahotchFlotchofclassicaltags，whilethemostludicrousonesalewrittenbyignoramuseswhodraginthis，thatandtheothertOmakeupamonstrousmishmash，yetboastoftheirerudition!Howcanthisbecalledexpoundingtheviewsofthesages?”啤edMansions，p．1784】HerehecriticizesthosepedantslikehistutorJiaDairuwhomisrepresentstheoriginalmeaningoftheviewsofthesages，EitherHotdenorBaoyualeintelligentboys：HoldenisgiftedatEnglishwritingandalsohasspecialopinionsontheworthofseveralfamousbooksandBaoyuisquiteconfidentathisownabilitytogetreputationthroughtheimperialcivilexaminations．Theydon’tchoosetofollowthelandmarkthatthemainstreamcultureindicates，Neitherdotheypursuethefimaethatthemainstreamcultureappreciates．Fundamentallyspeaking，whattheyrebelagainstistheimproper9 山募夫学烦士葩文purposeofeducation&theirOWnage，insteadoftheeducationitself．PervertedloveinAmericaatthattimeandtheconceptthatmenweresuperiortowomeninfeudalChinahavelittleinfluenceONthesetwoteenageboys。Theyhighlyrespectwomenandyeamforpurelove．WhenHolden‘‘escapes”totheworldofNewYorkCity,hefindsitafrighteningplacefulloffalsityandcorruption。Fromtheroomheoverlookstheothersideofthehotel，butwhathehasseendepresseshim。Hedescribesaman，whomheCallseeinoneoftheloomsopposite,dressingupinwomell’sclothes．Healsoseesamanandawomansquirtingwaterateacho_lherfromtheirmouths．Hecallsthem“perverts'’．Forlovehehashisownidea：“ifyoudon’tlikeagirl，youshouldn’thorsearoundwithheratall，andifyoudolikeher,thenyouaresupposedtolikeherface，andifyoulikeherface，yououghttobecarefulaboutdoingcrumbystufftoit,likesquirtingwater越overit．”[TheCatcherintheRye，p．56]‘'Relationsbetweenthesexeswithout氆econnotationoflovearethemanifestationoftheselfish，grimandestrangedhumanlivingstate．’’7HoldeniseagerfortrueIOVe,althoughsometimeshecouldn’tresistthelureofsexforthereasonofsexualinstinctandloneliness．However,hisrespectforgiftsconfineshis矗】5"theractivity,andheevenfeelsshamefulabouthissensualdesirewithoutlove。Whenhegetsbacktothehotel，theelevatorthereaskshimifhewantsawomanforthenight．Hisfeelingsofsadnessandlonelinessleadtohimagreeingtoseetheprostitute．AssoonashereachestheagreementwithMauriee，hebeginstofeel10 山东大学硕p论兜regretful．AftertilegirlcalledSumnyarrivesathisroom，hefindswhathewantstodoistomakeaconversationwithher．forwhomhefeelscompassionandsympathyThegirlataboutthesalneagewithhimlosestooearlythepuritythatshouldhavebelongedtoherage．Heisquitesorrowfuland“feltmuchmoredepressedthansexy,"[Catcher,p．86】HeshowsapityforSunny’Sdegradation，andhopesheearldosomethingforher．Whenarealhumanbodylikehimstands逸frontofhim，heattainsenlightenmentandfeelssuffering，notonlyforSunnybutalsoforthedisgraceofhuman，TheexistenceofprostitutesistheoutstandingmanifestationofthevanishingofloveandthelossofhumanityinthesocietyEverywhereHoldenconfrontsisfoul．Amoodofsexpermeatesthewholecity,wheretheretrueloveishardlytobefound．Inschool“allyoudoistalkaboutgirlsandliquorandsexa11day'’．(Catcher，P．118】Hisschoolmatesliketoboasttheirloveaffairstomeettheirownvanity．Thereisriorespectforgirlsatall：asSOOnastheycomebackfromtheirdates，theywouldslanderthegirlswithsalaciousremarkslike“I'mthrough弼氇thatpig．”[Catcher，P．25】ThepureloveforJane，oneofhisneighbors，becomestheconsolationinthedirtyworld．Hechedshesandcaresher．AfterStradlater’Sdate诹氇Jane，HoldenCall’thelpfightinghim。forheisobsessiveaboutwhatStradlatermighthavedonewithJane．Theincidentoccursnotonlyoutofjealousy，butbecauseheknowsthat“Stradlaterwasaverysexybastard”．【Catcher，p．28】ItisnotJane’Slousychildhoodbutthedetailsofhermolestationbyherstepfatherthatintereststhis‘'bastard’L‘'onlyverysexystuffinterestedhim”．【Catcher,p．291Hewouldn’tregardJaneasagirlhavingherown 出末九擎颈士论交emotionsandindependentpersonality．HoldendeemsthatJanewouldbedisgracedandhurtbysucha‘'bastard'’．TherelationshipbetweenStradlaterandJm-leisnotSOinnocentasthatbetweenhimandher．Theyspendtheirtimeinplayinggamestogether,likedraughtsandgolfiEventhoughtheykiss,HoldeninformstlSitisn’tonthemouthanditisoutoftenderaffection．UnlikeStradlater,HoldenreallyadmiresJaneoutofheartandalsoshowshisrespectforherAllthematuremalesinJiaMansions，exceptJiaZheng,performedtheirbestinmnningafterwomen．WhenJiaSheknowsYuanyang，LadyDowager’Smaid，refusestobehisconcubine，heisgreatlyirritated，JustasPing’el'，Xifeng'smaid，says，‘'hecan’tkeephishandsoffanygirlwho’snotbad-looking．”f黄嬲Mansions，P．928】Asisthefather,SOistheson．JiaLianalsoWOOSwomenfortheaimofsex+Heisthesortofmailwhoonceawayfromhiswifeisboundtogetintomischief．Twonightsalonearemorethanhecouldbear：likeafamishedratherisestothebait，MissDuo，whoisaflightygood—lookingcreaturelovingnothingbetterthantohaveaffairs．JiaoDa，aservantinNingMansion，whohasgoneoutwiththeancestorofJiaonthreeorfourexpeditionswhenhewasyoungandsavedhismaster’Slifebycarryinghimoffabattlefieldheapedwithcorpses，shoutsafterdrinking：“LetmegototheAncestralTempleandweepformyoldmaster．Littledidheexpecttobegetsuchdegenerates，ahousefulofruttingdogsandbitchesinheat，dayinanddayoutscratchingintheashes8andcarryingonwithyoungerbrothers-in-law,'’溶edMansions，P．151】Itisirresistiblethatwomenaredoomedto 山东大学硕士论文bethevictimsofthechaoticJiaMansionIncontrasttoothermalesinJiaMansion，Baoyl．1remainsundefiledincorruptionandshowshistendernessandrespectstogirlsaroundhim．Womenareintheoppressedpositionintheworldcenteringonmen，BaoyuCaresthemwithhisparticularsympathyandconsideration．KnowingQingwen’Shandiscold，hewarrnsthemup诚氇hisownhands；whenQingwen，whohascaughtaheavycold，stitchestheclothesforhiminmidnight，Baoyu“hoversoverhersolicitously,offeringherhotwater,疆ginghertorest,puttingasquirrelcapeoverhershouldersandsendingforapillowforherback，untilshebecamequitefrantic．'[RedMansions，p．1070]HealsolamentsthebitterfateofXiangling，“Poorgirl，withnoparents，notevenknowingherfamilynameafterbeingkidnappedandsoldtothisTyrantKing．’’[RedMansions，p．1323】HeistendertowardsthosegirlsofhumbleoriginsandwartTtsm颤rheartswithallthatheCandoforthem。OfgirlssurroundinghimwhomheadmiresmostisDaiyu，hisinnocentplaymateinchildhood．Ontheviewoflife,theyhavesomethingincolv-A210n．Baoyuisatalentedperson，buthescornsfameandfortune，andrefusestotakethefcudaiexaminationwhichistheonlychoicetoattainallofficialsituation,resolutelyrebuffingall—evenintimateslikeShiXiangyunandXueBaochai—whentheyurgehimtobeambitious．Intheeyesofmostotherpeople，Baoyuisadullard．Ofalltheyoungladiesinthehousehold，onlyLinDaiyuunderstandshim，sympathizingwithhisstraightforwardnature，andhisloathingofhypocrisy，affectationandworldlycalculation．WhenXiangymatriestoconvincehimtoassociatewiththoseofticia／s13 山末大学鳓士论文andmakesomeacquaintance，heretorts，‘'pleasegoandcallonsomeofyourothercousins．younglady．Peoplewithworldlywisdomlikeyourswillbepollutedhere．”[RedMansions，p．634】AndalsowhenBaochaigiveshimthesanleadvicehejustsnortsandwalksawaywithoutanyregardforherfeelings．Baoyuspokea11舒1ytoXiren：“HasMissLinevertalkedsuchdisgustingnonsense?IfshehadI'dhavestoppedhavinganythingtodowithherlongago。”窭edMansions，P．635】FrombeginningtoendheconsidersDaiyuashisintimateandsharesherdelightsandsorrows，heevenassertssuchwords嚣s⋯Idbecomeamonk”婆edMansions，p．595】ifDaiyushoulddie．Attractedbyeachother,thetwobegantheirexperienceofpurebuthardlove．UnfortunatelyinfeudalsocietymarriagearrangingshouMfollowthecommandoftheparentsandgoodofficesofamarchermaker．TomeettheclandemandthepatriarchsofJiachooscBaochaiasthesuitablemadamAlthoughtheloveforwhichBaoyuandDaiyusparenopainstopursueturnsouttobeatragedyattheend,theirrebelliousspiritisclearlyseen．The10vebetweenBaoyuandDaiyurepresentsafundamentalchallengetotheinterestsofthefeudalfamily．Asallorphan，LinDaiyuhas110familyconnectionsthatcallsupporttheJiafamilyfinancial圭y；moreimportantly，shebacksandabetsBaoyuinhisrebellionagainstfeudalmores，leadinghimdownapaththatspelledruinforthefamily．Forthisreason，theLadyDowager,theheadoftheJiafamily，despitelovinghersicklyyoungrelativedearly，regardsherascompletelyunsuitableasamarriagepartnerforBaoyu，Inspiteoftherealityofsexualindulgencealtheirages．HoldenandBaoyu14 山家大学硕』：沦文admireandcaregirlsintheirownwayandyeamfortrueloveandequalspiritualcommunicationandsacrifice，However,bothofthemcannotberegardedassuccessful，forneitherofthemhasattainedhistrueIoverThetwoinsignificantindividuals，strugglingagainstthesulliedworld，feeltiredanddepressedaboutthecorruptionandphonies．Theyareeagertoescapetoan“innocentandauthenticEden”，wheretheycanseek基pureandsincerelifeThisEdenoftruth，goodandbeautyforHoldenisthenaiveworldofchildren，whileforBaoyuisthefeminineworldofGrandViewGarden，‘'InHolden’smindstherearetwokindsofworld：oneisthephilistineanduglyworld，inwhichAckley，Stradlater,Sally'theprostituteSunnyandtheelevatorMaurieecommittedevilthings；andtheotheristhesimpleandpureworld，inwhichhislittlebrotherAllie，hislittlesisterPhoebe，thetwonunsandJamesCastlewhojumpedoutofawindowbecameavaluabletreasureinhislife．“。JohnWenke，hasdefinedHolden’sfriendshipsquiteclearly：”WhatwaswrongwithHoldenwashismoralrevulsionagainstanythingthatwasugly,evil，cruel，orwhathecalled’phony’andhisacuteresponsivenesstobeautyandinnocence，especiallytheinnocenceoftheveryyoung，”Holdenseestheworldasallevil，cruelplacewhereeveryoneisouttogethim．Hereactstothepeopleoftheworldastheonescreatingthesefeelingsofgriefforhimsohedistanceshimselffromthesecharacters。Asheshutshimselfawayfromthesepeoplehesuffersfromloneliness．Incontrasttothefalsehoodandeviloftheadultworld，thesimplenatureofchildrenbringshimalotofjoyandconsolmion．Hisunitywithchildrenandhisdreamabout 出东大举颧j+论文childhoodturnstobeahavenabsolutelynecessary．inhislife．Theworldofchildreniscrystal—clearandfullofwarmcareandlove．Phoebe，histen-year-oldyoungersisteralmostbecomeshislittlegoddess，Thisprettyandintelligentgirlwithartinquisitivenatureishisintimatefriend．’IlaeirflanktalkathomebecomesagreatconsolationtoHolden．Childhoodinhiseyesisthebesttimeinlife．Ithash’tbeendisturbedbytheadultworldandthusstillremainsthesimpleandgenuinehumannature．Holden’Sidealistobethe‘‘catcherintherye”．“Since，Holdenreasons，thereiSriofulfillmentintheadultworld，sinceallitearloffermallisfrustrationorcorruption，theonlyworthwhiletasktowhichhecandevotehimselfisthatoftheprotectorwhostopschildrenbeforeth钎entertheworldofdestructionandphoninessandkeepstheminastateofarrestedinnocence．’’11‘‘Anyway,IkeeppicturingalltheselittlekidsplayingsomegameinthisbigfieldofryeandallThousandsoflittlekids，andnobody’Saround—nobodybig,Imean-exceptme．AndI'mstandingontheedgeofsomecrazycliff．WhatIhavetodo，lhavetocatcheverybodyiftheystarttogooverthecliff-Im{凇ifthey’rerunningand氇eydon’tlookwheretheyaregoingIhavetocomeoutfromsomewhereandcatchthem．That’Salll'ddoallday．I‘djustbethecatcherintheryeanda11．"[Catcher,p．156】Whathe’dliketobeistheguardianofinnocenceandtheprotectorofinnocents．Heinsists，‘'thehumananimalispureinhischildhoodandisnotcorrupteduntilheentersadultsociety．”12Whateverunpleasantcharacteristicsachildmaydisplayaretheresultsofprematureexposuretoadultinfluence．Hewisheschildrenkeeptheirnaivetyand16 山东大学颀：}论文simplicityforever,neveFgrowingupandneverenteringtheadultworld，Heevenhopesthatinnocentgirls，likeJaneandPhoebe，wouldnevermarry,becausehebelievesthatonce搬eymarried，theirinnocencewouldbedestroyedbythosefoulmen．Holden’ScuriousfondnessforhisfriendJaneGallagher’Skeepingherkingsinthebackrowwhenplayingcheckershasbeenrepeatedlymentioned．PeterShawinterpreted，inLoveandDeathinTheCatcher飙theRye，Holden’Srepeatedmentionsofthekingsinthebackrowasexpressionsofhisown‘‘fear'’，orasrepresenting‘趣holdingbackofone’saggressivepowersandanunwillingnesstoenterthecompetitivegameandnsethemagainstotherpeople，”orelseasanattemptonHolden’sparttowarnJaneagainstthesexualintentionsofhisroommate，Stradlater．Onadeeperlevel，Jane’Swithholdingherkingsmaybesaidtosymbolizethesuspensionofmaturationtypicalofhisadolescentperiod，Italsotypifiesthestatic，sexuallyunthreateningrelationshipHoldenhashadwithher．Thepiecesonacheckerboardmustkeepmovingforward．Or,asthegame’Stechnicaltermhasit，theymustkeep‘'developing"’．Bynotmovingherkingserrofthebackrow，Janeseemstobetryingtopreserveherinnocence，Understandably，thisisparticularlyattractivetoHolden，Changes，hintingthedestructionanddisappearingofallthebeautyandgoodness，aresofrighteningtoHolden。HeiscrazyabouttheMuseumofNaturalHistoryfor“thebestthing,though，inthatmuseumWasthateverythingalwaysstayedrightwhereitWas．”(Catcher,p．109】Histhough协onthemuseumarecomparabletothewaythathewantshismemoriesofJaneGallaghertoremainunspoilt．TheRandomHouseCollegeDictionarygivesthedefinitionofa{了 出束大学礤士论文nuseumtobe”abuildingorplacewhereworksofartorotherobjectsofa’ermanentvaluearekeptanddisplayed”。Thekeywordinthedefinitionis》g黼8n￡熟t，however。Holdensaysthat，“Nobody'd珏l{we。Youcouldgotherea1tmdredthousandtimes，andthatEskimowouldstillbejustfishingthosetwofish。hebirdswouldstillbeontheirwaysouth，thedeerswouldstillbedrinkingoutofhat*graterhole，稍ththeirprettyantlersandtheirpretty,skinnylegs，andthatsquaw#riththenakedbosomwouldstillbeweavingthesameoldblanket．Nobody'dbetifferent．Theonlythingthatwouldbedifferentwouldbeyou。N。f睛atyou'dbesonucholderoranything．Itwouldn*tbethat，exactly．You'djustbedifferent,that'sallYou'dhaveanovercoatonthistime．Orthekidthatwasyourpartnerinlinelasttimemdgotthescarletfeverandyou'dhaveanewpartner．Oryou'dhaveasubstitute：akingtheclass，insteadofMissAiglefinger。Oryou'dheardyourmotherandfatheraavingaterrificfightinthebathroom．Oryou’djustpassedbyoneofthosepuddtesinthestreetwiththegasolinerainbowsinthem．tmeanyou'dbedifferentinsome；vay-Iean+texplainwhatImean．"[Catcher,P．1091AndHoldendoesn’thaveto．X,VeRowwhathemeans．Hefindssecurityinthosethingsthatstaysconstant，justliketheducksofCentralPark．TheseinsecuritiesforceHoldentoclutchontothingsinarderhimtofeelcontent，Themusel疆+lisoneofthosethingsthatHoldenknowswouldremainexactly鹅heremembersitandhelikesthatttmught。Inaworldofquestions,problems。andphonies,thefactthatthemuseumand蘸lofitsexhibitswouldstayastheyareisoneofthethingsthatHoldencouldtrust．However,intheadultworldlivesomegood-naturedpersonslikethetwo嚣翻s8 山朱大学硕上论文andJamesCastle，whostillkeepthepureandinnocentheartofchildren，areattractivetoHolden．ThenUllSwhomhemeetsinastationcafeteriaarepoorbutaredoingsomethingthatHoldenseesasworthwhileandhelpful．Hehasseenthroughtoomanyrichpeople’sphonyattitudestocharityasawayofpromotingtheirsocialstatusbycatchingothers’eyes，suchashismotherorhisfriends’mother，whoaredoingsomethinggoodbutforthewrongpurpose，ItseemsthatHolden’sheartispurifiedbythenuns’meaningfulwordsandthatthelightofhopebeginsshinningagain。Eveninlaterwanderingdays，HoldenalwaysthinksofthesetwokindNuns．Baoyualsohastwolivingcircles：oneistheworldofmeninJiaMansionandtheotheristhegirls’worldinGrandViewGarden，“Girlsalemadeofwater,menofmud．1feelcleanandrefreshedwhenl'mwith西rlsbutfindmendirtyandstinking．"啤edMansions，p．34】ThisisthewellexpressionofBaoyu’sdifferentandnovelattitudestowardsmenandwomenandhisreflectionslivinginthesetwototallydifferentworldsaswell．Heisextremelydisgustedwiththemenintheworldofhypocrisy,becausetheyareengrossedinpursuingpowerandmoneywithanycost．Onthecontrary,heshowsmuchfondnessforthegirlsinGrandViewGarden．Apartfromthecustomarymorningandeveningsalutationtohisgrandmotherandparents．蕊aBaoyudoeshisbesttoavoidtakingpartinthepastimesandactivitiesofothersofhisstation，anddeteststheendlesspursuitofrankandwealthindnlgedinbyotheryounggentlemen．HissoledelightwasminglingwiththeinnocentandguilelessyounggirlsofthehouseholdintheGrand19 }jl东夫掌醺士谂交ViewGarden．Hesaidtothem：一“inmyowncase，ifIhadanyluckIshoulddienowwithallofyouaroundme；stillbetterifyourtearsformewere撼becomeagreatstrearnandfloatmycorpseawaytosonlequiets§Ⅸdesertedevenbycrowsoranyotherbirds,孙vanishwiththewind，neveragaintobebornasahumanbeing，111at’showIshouldliketodie．”限edMansions,p．6】TheGrandViewGarden，symbolofhisideallife，isthesoleplacewherehecanfindserenityofheart．ElegyfortheHibiscus,鑫tongiamemforQingwen,isfullofpraise：‘'neithergoldnorjadecouldcomparewithhercharacter；neithericenorsnowwithherpurity；neithersBnnorstarswithherfinespirit；neitherflowers1101"moonwithherbeauty．Allthemaidsadmiredhergoodness．allthenursespraisedherkin&K“ss．”【嚣碰Mansions,P。17221Undoubtedlygirlsaretheincarnationofgoodnessandhesighswithwonder：“OldManHeaven，whatfineessencesandsubtlespiritsyoumusthaveusedtoproducesuchexquisitecreatures!”[RedMansions,p．985】Manisthewisestofa1{creaturesonearth，whilegirlsarethecreamofallthehumanbeing．Hecannothelpbeingdrawntothem．ForfemaleBaoyuhasaspecialtheoryofmetamorphosis：‘‘Aglrlbeforemarriageisapreciouspearl；aftermarriage，shesomehowpicksupallsortsofbadhabitssothatthepearllosesitsluster—it’sadeadpearl；andasshegrowsstillolder,thepearlchangesintoafish—eye．"‘婆edMansions,p，1229】Asamatteroffact，theessentialcriterionforBao)“ais‘冷urity'’：onlygirlswhohaven'tbeenstainedbytheviewsofphilistinesremindhimofgenuinehumannature．Absorbingallhispassionsandideals，theGrandViewGardenwheregirlsofJiaMansionlive20 生查查堂堕．兰鎏塞becomeshisspiritualsanctuary．Hekeepsalongdistancewiththedisgustingrealitythrou曲spendingtimewithgirls．JustbecauseoflivingintheGrandViewGardenandhisemotiontowardsgirls，hisabhorrence，fearandanxietyinthemellworldarerelaxedinsomeextent。Hegetsserenity，delightsandgratificationdeepinhisheart．TheGrandViewGardenwitnesseshisequalandpurefriendshipwiththosemaids，hissincereanddeepaffectionbetweenhissistersandhisfaithfulandbeautifullovewithDaiyu．Hetreasuressuchaharmoniousenvironmentandwouldratherliveouthisdaysherethanspendadayinthephilistineworld，just粘hehasexpressedtoLiWan，hissister-in—law，“everydayIspendwithmycousinsisalltothegood⋯ifIdiedtodayortomorrow，thisyearornext，I'ddiecontent．"。[RedMansions,P．1547】EitherforHoldenorforBaoyu，sincerityisregardedasthesotecriterionofsocialvalues．Intheaffectedandmoney—worshipworldofHoldenandtheindecentmen’sworldofBaoyu，thereisnowhereforsincerityandpurity．OnlyhidingintheworldofchitdrenandgirlsCalltheygetspiritualsatisfaction．Intheirpursuitofsincerityandpurlty，thedualityintheirpersonalityisinthefullexposure．AsforHolden，thecapriciouscontradictoryideasarealwayshuntinghim，whichistypicaloftheyoungman。Ononehand，Holdenisayoungmanwithchildlikenatureandheisunwillingtofollowthetidetogetherwiththosephonies．Inhisdeepheart，heisconfused，withoutknowingwhattodoandwheretogo．Inordertohidehisfearanddilemma，hegoesallouttobehavelikeanadult2 山东大学硕士论文bysmokinganddrinking，goingoutwithgirlsandhangingaroundinbars．Ontheotherhand，heishi曲lycriticalofotherswhomheseeslivingsuchalifestyleandwhonevercaresforothersandjustrevolvesaroundthemselves．Helooksdownuponpeoplearoundhim，sneersattheirridiculousdeeds，anddesirestobeawayfromthem．ThemoreconflictingthingHoldendoesisthatheisalwaysapproachingthebad-naturedmenonpurposeandrequestingcommunicationswhetherconsciouslyorunconsciously．Holden’sabilitytolieisoneofthefirsttraitsthatherevealsabouthimself‘‘I'mthemostterrificliaryoueversawinyourlifeIt’sawful．IfI'monmywaytothestoretobuyamagazine，even，andsomebodyasksmewhereI'mgoing，I’mliabletosayI'mgoingtotheopera．It’sterrible．”【Catcher，P．16】Hetakesprideinsayingthatheisagoodliar．Hisinabilitytohavenormalconversationsandrelationshipsispossiblyoneofthefactorsthathashimshunnedbyhispeers．Holden’sinsecurityisoneofthereasonsforhiscompulsivelying．This，inturn，iswhyheCall’tfindhisplaceintheworld．Theworlddoesn’tknowHolden，butneitherdoeshe．NeithercanestablishfactfromfallacyOnhistraintoNewYork，HoldenstrikesupaconversationwithMrs．Morrow，themotherofastudentheknowsatPencey．HoldeniscomplimentarytoMrs．Morroweventhoughheisinformingushowmuchhedislikesherson．HeeventellsherthatheandsomeoftheotherboyswanttoelectherSOnclasspresident．Wecouldt抽11l(Holdeninsincere．somethingheaccusesotherpeopleofbeingwhenhecallsthem‘'phonies”．Eventhoughheclaimstohatethemovies，hespendsquite 山东丈学硕￡论文alotoftimepretendingtobeinthem．MostofthetimehecomplainsaboutAckleyanddeliberatelytriestoannoyhim，yetheasksifAckleywantstogotothemovieswithhim。Heyearnsforbeautyandgoodness；however,hehimselfusesswearwordsthatwouldhavebeenquiteshockingatthattime。Baoyualsohassuchcontradictionsinhisrebellion．Iteisarebelofthenoblefeudalclassaswellasanaristocratlivingapeacefulandprosperouslife．AsthequalifiedheirofJiaMansionconsentedbytheLadyDowager,heisexpectedtobringhonortohisfamilyandthusmanyhopesarepinnedonhim．Thefeudalpatriarchsarestricttohimandemploytraditionalethicsandphilosophytoaffecthim．Duetothegradualandimperceptibleinfluence,heputs0nmanandmasterairswithouthisbeingawareofit。Fornotopeningthedoorintime，he，遍afoultemper,kicksXiren，theintimatemaidofhim，sohardinthesidethatshespitsbloodatnight；Qingwen，anoutspokengirl，talksbackafterbeingreproachedbyhimwithouttDasons，forwhichhefeelshumiliatedandevenspeaksangrilytosendherhome。Tothesmallandweakwhathecouldofferisonlyahelpinghandontrivialmatters．Onceheisinadifficultsituationandispunishedaheavyblow，heusuallyshunsrealityandyields．WhenladyWangherselfgoestoHappyRedCourttoexpelQingwen，Si’erandFunguan,‘'heknewtherewasnosavingthesituationandwishedhecoulddiethenandthere；butasshewasinsucharagehedarednotmakeafalsemoveorutteraword．"啤edMansions．p．1679】Althoughdistressedbythelossofhisfavoritemaid，whateverhecoulddoistothrowhimselfonthebed 山东火学硕士论文sweeping． h东大学硕l。论文ChapterTwoNeuroticPersonalityoftheTwoRebelsThedefinitionofneurosisis“thedevimionanddistortionawayfromthenormalbehaviorsandmodes”．13Anygivensocietyhasitstypicalbehaviorsandmodesgenerallyadvocatedbythecontemporaries,thereforeformingallacknowledgedcriteriontotellwhetherapersonisnormalorabnormal．Thatistosay，ifheorshefollowsthemainstreanl，thepersonistotallynormal；viceversa．MaybeitistooearlyforustodrawsuchaconclusionthatHoldenandBaoyuhaveneurodcpersonalityjustaccordingtotheirrebellionfactslistedinChapterOne。Andthennextcomes蛐eranalysis。whichissomethinglikeaclinicalapproachtothem．Thegeneralcriteriontojudgeifanyspecificindividualisabnormalis“firstly，behaviorsdeviateoraredifferentfromthenollnofthatsociety；secondly,imbalancebehaviorscontinueoccurring，andthelastoneisinwhatdegreetheactivitiesaredestroyedamongpeople．’’14Inthefollowingparagraphsdetailsofthesethreeaspectswouldbegiven．Inorderthatanysocietymayfimetionwell，itsmembersmustacqfftrethekindofcharacterthatmakesthemwanttoactinthewaythattheyhavetoactasmembersofthesocietyorofaspecialclasswithinit．TheymodelthemselvesoiloneanotherandCOIlformtheirbehaviortotheregulationsofastandardizedperformanceonwhichthemajorityhasfirmlyimposedawell—meaningbutuniformaltitude．DeviationfromthissocialcharacterisnotpermittedbysocietyFurthermore，itimpliesbeingpunishedbysocietySoorlferorlmer．‘'Everyoneinthehouseappearstobeunconsciousofthefactthattheyalestoopingtofitinside 东人学颂L论文becausethisposturehasbecomehabitualtothem．””HoldenandBaoyu，unlikethosewhohavegrownintothehouse，areinthepositionofonewhohasbeenleftoutsidethehouseoftheculture’SinstitutionsfortOOlong，andhavebecometallerthantheceiling。Theyareaskedtostoopconsciously--toenterthehouseatatimewhen，SOtospeak，theyhavebecometOOtallforit，HoldenlikestoputOnhisredhuntinghatwithoneofthoseverylongpeaksevenwhenheisreadingintheroom+Thewayhewearsitisalsoverys扛angeatthattime：heswingsthepeakaroundtotheback；hehasbeenexpelledfromthreeschools：Whooton,ElktonHillsandPencey．OneofthebiggestreasonsheleavesElktonisbecausehethinksheissurroundedbyphonies．Hejuslsortofquitsinsteadofflunkingoutoranything；OilhishistoryexampaperwhathewritesarenottheanswersbutanotedroppedatthebottomofthepagetoensurethatMr．Spencerwouldn’tfeeltoobadaboutflunkingInancientfeudalChinathesocialrolesofmaleandfemalearequitedifferentFamilyisthelivingscopeoffemalewhilesocietyismale’slifestage。Femaleregardshouseholdaffairsmanagementandchildren’srearingastheirsocialresponsibilitiesandmale’sprincipleis“cultivateyourself,putyourfamilyinorder,runthelocalgovernmentwell，andbringpeacetotheentirecountry．’’16Baoyurefusestoperformthemalerolesfixedbysociety、Helikesplayingaboutwithgirls’cosmeticsandpowder,kissingtherougeongirls’lipsandrunningaftereverythinginred．Heevenmixesthelip—salveforgirlsdespitebeingsplashedonhischeek，whichDaiyuhasmistakenasabloodstainthesizeofabutton．InChapter 山东大学硕士论文44heexplainsadeptlyhowtomixandusecochinealtoPing’el"BothHoldenandBaoyu’sdeviationawayfromtherulesshowstheirconsciouslejectiontotheirsocialcharactersTheirabnormalbehaviorscontinueasthenovelsprogress．WhenAlliediesofleukemia，Holdenattheageofthirteen，hehasshownthetendencyofmentaldisturbanceandhisparentsaregoingtohavehimpsychoanalyzed，forhesmashesallthewindowsinthegaragewimhisownfist；heoftensinksintofantasiessuchasimaginingabulletinhisgutsandputtinghishandunderthejackettokeepthebloodfromdrippingallovertheplace；hehasasoreontheinsideofhislipforabouttwoweeksandsohefiguresheisgettingcancer．What’smoreserious，hefeelsheisdisappearingandthatthecityisgoingtoswallowhimup．“EverytimeIcametotheendofablockandsteppedoffthegoddamcurb，IhadthisfeelingthatI'dnevergettotheothersideofthestreet．IthoughtI'djustgodown，down，down，andnobody’deverseemeagain⋯．EverytimeI'dgettotheendofablockI'dmakebelieve1wastalkingtomybrotherAllie．I'dsaytohim，‘Allie，don’tletmedisappear．Allie，don’tletmedisappear．Allie，don’tletmedisappear．Please．Allie．’”[Catcher，p．1783Excepttheseabnormalbehaviorsagainstthesocialcharacter，italsocanbeaddedthatHoldenusestheword‘‘crazy’’anditsvariants“mad'’，‘'madman”and“hisane'’overfiftytimes．(Heactuallyusedhisfamousterm‘phony”lessoften—approximatelyfortytimes．)ThemorbidbehaviorsofBaoyualefullymanifestedbyhismadnessfortwotimes．Inchapter25Baoyu，leftalonewithDaiyu，claspshersleeveandsmilesbut 山东大学硕士论文cannotgetawordout．Thenextmomentheletsoutapiercingcry‘Tmdying冰edMansions，p．369]Heleapsseveralfeetintotheair,babblingandraving，andthenturnsthewholeplaceupsidedowninsearchofaswordofsticktokillhimselfwith．Thesecondtimeforhimtolosehiscontrolisinchapter57whenZijuan，whoisDaiyu’smaid，kindlytestshisfeelingsforhermistressbysayingafewwordsinfun，suchas‘yourcousin--backtoSuzhou”．【RedMansions，p．1176】Baoyutakesitseriouslyandisthunderstruck．ZijuanwaitsforhimtoaBSWer，butnotawordcouldheutter．Hisdistraughtlook．thehecticnushonhischeeksandthesweatonhisforeheadhorrifiesXirenwhenhegoesbacktoHappyRedCourt．“Afeverwasnottooalarming，buthiseyesweref奴cdandstating，salivawastricklingfromthecomersofhislips，andheseemedinastateofstupefaction．Hewouldliedownifapillowwasputforhim，wouldsitupifpulled，and叫llI【teaifitwasbrought．"陋edMansions，p．1177]JustasXueyan，anothermaidofDaiyu，wondersthatspringisadangeroustimeforpeopleindelicatehealth，andhiswitsmusthavebeenwanderingagain，whichiscausedbysharpdistresscloudedhismind．InTheMelodyofTheMoonovertheWestRiversomeonesubsequentlygaveanadmirablepictureofBaoyuasdepictedinthefollowingtwolines“Absurdlyhecoupscareandmelancholy，Andraveslikeanymadmaninhisfolly'AsearlyasDaiyuarrivesatJiaMansion，LadyWang，Baoyu’Smother，hastoldher“onemomenthe’Sallhoney—sweet；thenext，he’Srudeandrecalcitrant；andinanotherminutehe’Sravinglikealunatic．YouCan’ttakehimseriously．’’[Red 出露犬攀礞上论文Mansions，p．58】Inchapter71，afterhearinghisstrangetheoryandabsumargument，Liwansat也‘魄e，Sravingagain。Wenlustn’ttalktohim。Ifwedo。hetarslikeafooloralunatic．”溶edMansions，P．1547jAlmostnobodyinJiaMansionhasn’teverseen涮也theirowneyeshisabsurdbehaviors．Theirabnormalbehaviorsdestroytheircommunicationwithotherpeopleinsomesere．Theirdisgusttothegeneralsocialvaluescannotbeenduredbythesociety,Goingastepfurther,deviationsuggestsbeingpunishedbysociety．IfHoldenhastroubleinschoolhewouldnotseekhelpfrompeersbecausehebelievesthat斑eyarephonies，andwemustremember,hedoesnotassociate话像thesetypesofindividuals．HenoethispointistiedintooneofthereasonsheisbeingkickedoutofPencey；failing4outof5courses。thabH勰saninContemporan／AmericanLiteraturet94512t972putsitbestbysating”HoldenCaulfieldisSOsuper-sensitivetoothe(sfaultsthathehasnofriends。amongboysatleast”，Beingawareoftheisolation，Holdenfeelshehasbeensegregatedanddesertedbythesociety．Attheverybeginning，Holdencomesacrossasalloutsider．Hebeginsthestory012abillawayfromeveryoneelse．HealsotellsUSthatthefencingteamwouldnottalk姆himonthewaybackfromNewYork．Andalsohehasbeenhekedoutofsch001．evellthou酶hehasnotdoneanythingparticularlybadbutjustseemsunabletoworkhardenou露l。InmanypartsofthenovelHotdentellsushowlonelyhefeels，whichisshownbyhisincreasinglydesperateattemptstobefriendpeople+Hisrelationshipswithhisschoolffeindsareinsecure：hetalkstoAckleybuttellsUShedoesn’tlikehim；纽somewaysheadnfiresStradlater,whoisportrayed猫the 山东大学硕士论文“model’’forsociety’sideaofwhatayoungmallofhisageshouldbelike，byandlarge，hisbehaviorwasthatofa‘'normal”，well—balanced，Americanmaleofhisparticularera，butendsupfightingwithhimandleavingPenceythreedaysearlierHoldenalsothinkseveryteacherisaphonywhopretendstobehelpfultostudents．Thefirstadultheseeksfrom，Mr．Spencer,whoseemstotakeafatherlyinterestinhim，isactuallymostinterestedinshamingandhumiliatinghim：Spencerhandleshisexanlpaperlike‘‘itwasaturdorsomething”[Catcher,P．16]，andreadsHolden’sHistoryexamanswerstohimwhichmadeHoldenfeellikeadirtytrick．Theotherimportantadultfigure，Mr．Antolini，whoisdescribedasthebestteacherheeverhad，alsocannotunderstandHolden．Hemakesanimpression011Holdenbybeingthepersonwhogoestopickupthebodyoftheboy,JamesCastle，whokillshimselfatElktonHills．HeisthelastpersonHoldengoestoinquesttofindsomeonetounderstandandhelphim．Theyhavealongconversation，duringwhichMr．Antoliniisdescribedasdrinkingquiteheavily．Mr．AntolinitriestogetthroughtoHoldenthathemayfailinlifeifhedoesnotpullhimselftogetheranddecidewhathewants．EventhoughhetriestogiveHoldenadviceabouthislife，Holdenjustfeelstiredandcannotreallyrelatetowhatisbeingsaidtohim．Holden’srelationshipwithhisparentsseemsdistant，asifheimaginestheydonotreallycareAllthroughthenovelHoldenattemptstoengagepeopleofallsortsinconversation．InNewYorkheattemptstorelatetopeopleinwhatheseesasanadultwaybutfailsagain．HoldenenterstheLavenderRoominthehotelnightclub 由东大学碗t论文andtriestobuyallalcoholicdrinkbutisrefused，Hetalkstothreegirls，offeringtOdancewiththemoneatatime．Whileheisdancingwithoneofthemhetriestotalktoherbutsheisnotinterested，AnotherofthemeventeasesHoldenabouthisage．InthesamenighthedecidestogetataxitoanightclubcalledErnie’swherehisbrotherD．B．usedtogobeforemovingtoHollywood．Hesitsandlistenstopeople’sconversations,tellingUStheyareall‘'jerks'’，Hedislikeseverythinghehears，Holdencomplainsaboutbeingonhisownintheclubbutwhenhisbrother’Soldgirlfriends，LillianSimmons，inviteshimtojointhemforadrinkherefuses．Heseemsawkwardanddoesnotwanttotalkabouthisbrother．HereourimpressionofHoldenasanoutsiderismadestrongerbythewritercontrastinghisdislikeoftheclubwiththefactthateveryoneelsethereisenjoyingthemselvesThefeminizationofBaoyunotonlyarousesotherpeople’Sblamebutalsodestroyshisharmoniousrelationshipwitllmostmembersofhisclass．ItleadstohisoppositiontothenobleclanandfeudalclassrepresentedbyJiaZhengandcauseshisisolationwiththewholesocietyatthecoreofmale．Hehasbeendriventothebrinkofdesperationbyhiscontemporarymoralvalues，HisrebelagainsttheworldofmenalsoshowshisthoroughdenyingofthepatriarchalsocietythathaslastedforthousandsofyearsinChina．Hesuffershislivingcrisisaccompaniedwithhisdeviation．Theconflictionreachesclimaxwhenhereceivesafearfulflogging．KnowingamaiddrowningherselfintothewellbecauseofBaoyu，JiaZhengroarstobeathimtodeath．TheaccidentremindsJiaZhengofhisplayingaboutoutside,3l 蕺大学冁{：论文exchanginggiftswithactors，andneglectingstudiesathome．Dozensofviciousblowsareraineddownwhenhissecretaries，foreseeingseriousconsequences，steppedforwardtointervene．ButJiaZhengrefusestOlistenandcries．“askhimifsuchconductashiscarlbepardoned。，，+Willyoustillpersistwhenhecommitsregicideorparricide?”陴edMansions，p．658】Whentheoldladyreproacheshim，hepleads，‘'ifyoursondisciplineshisson，itisforthehonorofol／1"ancestors"’。[RedMansions，p，660]Healsogivesascornfullaughathiswife’spersuasionandsays“I’vealreadyprovedanunfilialsonbybegettingthisdegenerate。WhenIdisciplinehimallofyouprotecthim．I'dbetterstranglehimnowtoavoidftlrthertrouble．”啤edMansions，P．659】InthesameenvironmentwithHoldenandBaoyu，mostpeoplelivedanormallifeandwerecontent弼搬theirlot．WeCall’the冷wonderingwhy讯eygetneurosisinsteadofothermen?Actually，“thelivingenvironmentinanygivenculturehasthepossibilityofcausingsomeanxic每-andfear,whichmightbearousedbytheoutsidedangers，suchasnatureandenemy，thevariousformsofsocialrelationships，suchasconstraintandunfairness，compulsoryobedienceandmajorfrustration，andthetraditionalculture，suchasthelurkingdreadofghosts，etc．’’17Thesefearswouldbeextendedforcefullytoeveryindividualinan3,'givenculture．However,lnanwithneuroticpersonalitywouldbeobviouslyconsciousofsuchfeelingsbothinqualityandquantity．Itisthevariousformsofsocialrelationshipsthatmainlycausetheanxietyof[-[oldenandBaoyu．ThesocietytowhichHoldenbelongsdemandshim32 山东A学硕十论文to“studySOthatyoucarlearnenoughtobeabletobuyagoddamCadillacsomeday?'[Catcher,P．1t9】SimilarlyBaoyudespisesbynaturethefeudalsocialvaluesofmentogetofficialpositionsandreputation．Holdenpursuesthepurelovewhileeverywhereisfullofperverts，what’Smore，Jane，thesymbolofpureloveinhismemory，mighthavebeencorruptedbyStradlater．TomeetthedemandofthenobleclanBaoyuisforcedtoacceptthe‘"wellmatchbetweengoldandjade”，withDaiyustillinhisheart．EitherHoldenorBaoyuareintheviolentconflictionofidealandrealityAlthoughtheyarevexedbytheseconflictions，theyhavetOdepresstheirfeelingsofhostility．Firstofall，attheiragestheydependedupontheirownfamily．ThemoneytheygiveSOfreelystillcomesfromtheirparentsandtheirparents’culture。Thatis，“Ineedyou，s。Ihavetoholdbackmyhostilitytoyou'’，isSecondly．‘鼍amobligedtoholdbackmyhostilitytoyou，forIarnscaredofyou．’’19Inthefaceoftheformidableinfluenceofsocialvalues，theyarefilledwithviolentfearandanxietyInaddition，“Imustrestrictmyhostility，otherwise1wouldloselove．～Phoebe．Hotden’Sfavorite，isthesoleonewhoreallycaresabouthim+SheshowsherunhappinesswhensheknowsHoldeniskickedoutoftheschoolagain．Thewhole融Mansion，especiallytheoldancestorLadyDowager,bestowsonBaoyuhi醇expectationsandfavor，sinceregardinghimasthequalifiedheirofhisgeneration．Allkindsofantagonisticconflictionandlongtimeofmentalconstraintleadtotheirneuroticanxiety,whichisreflectedas‘"thesenseofinsignificance， 由东太举顿』．论文loneliness，weakness，fearandunsafety．’也’Inordertoconfrontsuchanxietyandgetthesenseofsafetyandself-confidence，humanbeinghastoseekthesuccessofloveandcareer,power,reputationandfortuneforalloneisworth．Unliketheirordinarycontemporaries，HoldenandBaoyuchoosetoescapeintotheworldofchildrenandgirlstodealwiththeiranxiety．“Ifsocietyisaprison．thenthewallshavemovedinward，grazingthecaptive’sskin。。Seeninthisli辩theirresortservesasashieldthatprotectsthemfromtheirowndisgustingmoralvaluesTheformingoftheindividualpersonalityanditsexistingstatealeinfluencedbysocietyaswellaspersonalelements。Holdenisasixteenyearsoldboy。Theteenageyears，whichareexperiencingthepeculiardynamicsofadolescentpsychology，standoutaslife’smostcomplicatedandtorturedperiod．Ithasbeensaidthat“teenagebehavior,withitsswingsintoandoutofrationality,actuallyresemblesschizophrenia．”23Certainly．thisistheoneperiodoflifeinwhichabnormalbehavioriscoil'l／nonratherthanexceptional。HoldenissufferingthroughwhatHaroldBloomcalls“theprimedangerofthisage'’：anexcessivelyprolonged'moratorium’’24ongrowingup．AttheMetropolitanMuseumofArt,Hotdealeadstwolittleboystothereconstructedpharaonictombanditscollectionofmummies．Whentheboysrunawayin龋gblalhisaccountofmummification，hefindsthathe“likedit”inthetomb：“Itwassoniceandpeaceful”[Catcher,p．183]．Hereisaplaceinwhichhecanresthistroubledmentality．Mummiespreservedsymbolizehisownwishtobepreservedfromchangefromchildhoodtoadulthood。 山东大学硕上论文Apartfromhisadolescentperiod，hislittlebrotherAllie’Sdeathalsoattributestohisneuroticpersonality．Hisbrother’Sdeathexacerbateshisadolescentcrisis．HislifecrisisisdominatedbymourningandguiltoverthedeathofAllie．Asartanguishedhumanbeingofspecialsensitivity，“thetroubleis，itdrivesmecrazyifsomebodygetskilled——especiallysomebodyverysmartandentertainingandall—andit’Ssomebodyelse’sfault．"[Catcher,p．100]“HoldenhasthecrazyideathatheshouldhavesavedAllie，’’25althoughhecannotbeaccusedofbeingatfault．HeisguiltybecausehehasgoneonlivingafterAllie’Sdeath．InsomesenseAllieisthesourceoftherescuefantasy．SuchguiltoftenleadstoanavoidanceofSUCCESS．Heissearchingoutself-punishmentforhisunconsciousguiltoverAllie’Sdeath：ThewishtobepunishedbydeathaccountsforhisapparentlyillogicalresponsetoPhoebe’Saccusationthathedoesn’tlike“anythingthat’Shappening”[Catch盯p．101]．HoldenhasnOonetoteachhimhowtocopewithdeath．RebelliousnessbecomeshisonlymeansofdealingwithhisinabilitytocometotermswiththedeathofhisbrotherHedoesn’tlikewhathesees，butheCan’thelpseeingit，justasheCan’tavoidthepresenceofthecentralfactofhislife，hisbrotherAllie’Sdeath，whichultimatelysetshimoffonhisquestforanadultguide．Afterhefailstogettheguidanceheneedsfromhisteachersorfromtheotheradultshemeets，onewouldexpectHoldentoturntohisparents．Butintheentirenovel，hisfatherneverappearsandhismotherappearsonceandthenonlyspeakstoPhoebeasHoldenhidesinthecloset．Abouthisfamily，inthefirstparagraphHoldenexplains，‘‘my35 出取大学硬±谴殳parentswouldhaveabouttwohemorrhagesapieceifItoldanythingprettypersonalaboutthem．"[Catcher,p．1]Hereisthegenesisofhisha拄edofphoniness．Hisparentsliveinadoubleworld：therealworldandtheworldofappearances．ThesurfacecannotrevealtheunderlyingrealityandHoldenhasbeentaughtnottotalkaboutwhatliesbeneath．Yet，attimes，indirectly，hedoes．WhenPhoebesuggestshebecomesalawyerliketheirfather,hesays，“Lawyerareallright，Iguess-butitdoesn’tappealtome．⋯Allyoudoismakealotofdoughandplaygolfandplaybridgeandbuyearsand蕊I求martinisandlooklikeahot-shot．Andbesides．Evenifyoudidgoaroundsavingguys’livesandall，howwouldyouknowifyoudiditbecausewhatyoureallywantedtosaveguys’lives，orbecauseyoudiditbecausewhatyoureallywantedtodowasbeaterrificlawyer,witheverybodyslappingyou0nthebackandcongratulatingyouincourtwhenthegoddamtrialwasover，thereportersandeverybody，thewayitisinthedirtymovies?Howwouldyouknowyouweren’tbeingaphony?Thetroubleis，youwouldn’t．”[Catcher,p．155】Holden’smother,thoughwell-meaning，won’tbeofmuchhelpeither，“Shestillisn’tovermybrotherAllieyet，”and，“she’snervousashell．Halfthetimeshe’s醢pallnightsmokingcigarettes。”【Catcher，p．98】Likeotheradults，parentscall’tbereliedupontosee，muchlessgivesgoodadvice．Holdensorelymissesbeingabletorumtohisparentsinhistimeoftrouble．Herevealsitobliquelyinhismoviefantasiesofbeingshotbythemob．Heshouts，‘'motherdarling，everything’sgettingsodarkinhere，’’and“motherdarling，givemeyourhand+WhyWOla’tyougivemeyourhand?”【Catcher,p。78】Thisseemslikeclowning，but穗factitisa 山末大学硕．i’论文revelationofhisterribleanguishedisolationfromhisfami】y．HoldencouldnotgetadviceonhowtOieavetheworldofchildhoodfromtheadultsaroundhim．NorCallhefindsuitablemodelstOemulate．Beingahumanbeingofspecialsensitivity，hissufferingscauseandexacerbatehisneuroticpersonali|yHoldenpossessesabnormalrelationshipswithsomeofthecharactersinTheCatcher趣theRye．Manyofhisfriendsandthosehetalks瓤g魏lyaboutareyoungchildren+Hedoesnotmakeanynegmiveconlnlentsaboutthesecompanions，andthereis13．Omentionwhatsoeverofphony，HoldenhasastrongrelationshipwithPhoebe，hisyoungersister．HoldenvocalizesaboutthefactPhoebecouldvisithimanytimeinthesummer,”Whatrddo，I'dletoldPhoebecameoutandvisitmeinthestnnmertimeandonChristmasvacationandEastervacation”【Catcher，p．175]．Holdenshowsasolidlikingtohissisterandisalwayswantingherbyhisside．Hefinds8hardtimeassociatingwitholder,matureindividuals．Also，astrongrelationshipwithAllie，hisdeceasedyoungerbrother,isapparentduetothetwentyreferencesinthenovel．tnfact，mostofHolden'sfondestmemoriesareofthosetimeswithhisyoungersiblings．Hiscommentsofinnoccflcehelpestablishthisconnection。SomeonewhoistryingtolearnthestagesofdevelopingintoamatureadultwouldnotdevelopasSOOn．orasfullywhenspendingtheirtimesolelywiththOSCirmocentchildren．Besidestheinfluenceofsocietyasawhole，theindividuallivingbackgroundalsoplaysanimportantrole．ThegradualinfluenceexertedbyBaoyu’Sfeminized 由东大学硕，L论文dressingandlivingplaceaddstohistransformationtothefeminizedpersonalityAsanoveloffemale打agedy，avividanddetaileddescriptionofwomen’Sdressingisconsiderable．However，inordertorevealBaoyu’Sparticularpersonality,theauthordevotednolessspacetoexhibithisdifferentclothingandornaments。Assoonasheappearesinthenovel，itisshowedthroughDaiyu’Seyes：“Hehadonagoldencoronetstuddedwithjewelsandagoldenchapletintheformoftwodragonsfightingforapearl．Hisredarcher’Sjacket，embroideredwithgoldenbutterfliesandflowers，wastiedwithacoloredtasseledpalacesash。OverthisheworeaturquoisefringedcoatofJapanesesatinwitharaisedpatternofflowersineightbunches．Hiscourtbootswereofblacksatinwithwhitesoles．"[RedMansions，P．60】Thisisaportraitofhisformalattirewearingwhenhemeetswithvisitors．WhileDaiyuisthinkingthatitisstrangethatasifshehasseenhimsomewherebefore，hereturns，havingputoffhisceremonialdress．‘‘Hisshorthairinsmallplaitstiedwithredsilkwasdrawnuponthecrownofhisheadandbraidedintoonethickqueueasblackandglossy鑫slacquer,sportingfourlargepearlsattachedtogoldenpendantsintheformofeieatpreciousthings．．．．Belowcouldbeglimpsedlightgreenfloweredsatintrousers，black-dottedstockingswithbrocadeborders，andthick—soledscarletshoes．”陴edMansions，P．61]Hiselegantanddazzlingdressfromtoptotoecvencannotbedistinguishablefromthegirlsofanoblefamily。Generallyspeaking，theredsilkandthescarletshoescannotbeacceptedbyhiscontemporarymales．AsallacknowledgedheiroftheJiaMansion，“nowhereinthewholeclanismereascionwhogivesthemSOmuchhopefortheirfutureprosperityasJiaBaoyu"．26And38 山东大学硕上论丈thushehasbeendevotedtoextraordinarilysolicitudeespeciallyfromhisgrandmotherwhoishi曲lyrespectedbyandwieldedrealpowerofthewholeMansion．Beingtheappleofhisgrandmother’seyes，heandispaidmuchattention洫allthethingsconcernedhim．Likehisfeminizeddress，theplacehedwellsinshouldalsobetakenintoaccount．Beingabelovedheirinallaristocraticfamily,heissurroundedbycrowdsofbeautifulmaidsandconcubinessinceheisborn．Whatheseesisthegirls’smilingfaces；whathehearsistheirsweetanddelicatevoice；andwhathesmellsistheirflagrantcosmetics，Astimegoesby，Baoyugrowsup，andit’Stimeforhimtoreturntheseriousmanworldtoassociatewiththosefunctionaries．Unexpectedly。heisnotseparatedfromhisfavoritesistersandmaids．Instead,aftertheGrandViewGardenisestablished．hishouseis10catedmoreclosetothem．GrandViewGardenisbuilttogreetYuanchun，theImperialConsort，whenshevisitshomeBeforeYuanchunentersthePalace，shehasbeenbroughtupfromchildhoodbytheLadyDowager．AndafterBaoyuisborn，asYuanchtmishiseldersisterandBaoyuheryoungerbrother,bearinginmindthattheirmotherhasgivenbirthtohimlateinlire，sheloveshimmore：thanherotherbrothersandlavishesallhercareonhim．Theybothstay¨t11theirgrandmotherandareinseparable．EvenbeforeBaoyustartsschool，whenheishardlyfouryearsold，sheteacheshimtoreciteseveraltextsandtorecognizeseveralthousandcharacters．Sheismorelikeamothertohimthana／leidersister．EvenaftersheentersthePalace，herlovingconcemforhimhasneverceased．WhensheisbacktothePalace，itOeClLVSto 山东夫举硕}1论文Yuanchunthatitwouldbeapityifherfatherlocksupsuchcharmingpleasuregroundsafterhervisitindeferencetoher,itisaperfectseRingforthegirlsofthefamilysincetheyhasatasteforpoetizing．ThenshereflectsthatBaoyuisunlikeotherboys，havingbeenbroughtupamonggirls，SOthatifhealoneisexcludedhewouldfeelleftoutinthecold，andthismi。ghtdistresstheLadyDowagerandLadyWang。SosheordersBaoyutomoveintotheGrandViewGardentogetherwithhissistersaswelltocontinuehisstudiesthereThelifestyleintheGardeniswhathedesires．Itisaspecialgroupmainlyorganizedbygirlsratherthananartificialscene．Heasksnothingbetterthantospendeverydaywithhissisters，cousinsandmaids，reading，writing，strummingthelute，playingchess，painting，chantingpoems，watchingthegirlsembroideringtheirphoenixpatterns，orenjoyingtheflowers．Inaword，heisblissfullyhappy。HehasconsideredhimselfasoneoftheLandofMaidens．As氇esolemaleinGrandViewGarden，heisunconsciouslyaffectedbythefemalepersonalityandgoesfarawayfromthemanworld．Inaddition，themother-likeeldersister’SfondnessintheearlydaysandthespoilingandindulgenceofLadyDowagerstimulatehissentimentality,fragility,timidity，inferiorityanddependency．MeanwhileJiaZheng’SrudeattitudetowardshimaswellasthestinkingperformanceofothermalesinJiaMansionhindershiminemulatingandidentilyingthefatherormaleimage．The“bigstickpolicy'’withl艮equentshoutingofJiaZhengseemstohintthathewouldfailinfuturelife，whichbringstohimafearofincapability．Theunsafetyinthemancircleencourageshim 山东大学硕士论文tOsearchconsolationandprotectionintheworldofwomen．Itaggravateshisdependenceon＆maleandthenimpetlshimtoidentify谢ththefemalepersonalityandevendevelopsasenseofdisgustforhisownsex。ItisthispsychologythatformsthebasisofhisvJewonmaleandfemaleaswellashisfeminizedpersonality4t 出东夫擘硕士论文ChapterThreeTheIncompleteRebelliousnessHoldenexperiencestheinsideconfiictionofeitherescapingfromorjoininginthesociety．Heistorturedbyhisowndualpursuits．TheworldlyphoniesforcehimtObeisolatedfromthemandthusheiSdestinedtobealonelyrebel。Ontheotherside，heisalsoseekingtobeacceptedandaffirmedbythefamiliarandSecureenvtronment。Outofalltheartgalleries，parks，andbuildingsthathavebeenpresentinNewYorkCi移fromitsestablishment，whypi攮alousymuseum?Well，I翻呔J．DSalingerhadsomesymbolisminmindthatgoesevenfurtherthanthatalreadytalkedabout．Therearecertainfactsaboutmuseumsthatfl猢ainthesan'lenomatterwherethelocationmightbe．Everythinginitisalwaysareplica(fake)ordead(suchasdinosaurs)．Alotoftimes，likeinthebook，thedisplayscontmnwaxsculpturesandmannequinsofpeople，ThereisarelationshipbetweenthemusetllnandHolden，however，thatgoesfurtherthanhowhefeelsaboutit，Essentially，bothHoldenandthemuseumarefake，Asalreadyexplained，themuseumcontainsmanyfakeandlifelessitems．Holden，too，isafake．Hebragsabouthowheliesinthefirsthalfofthebook，andthengoesoninthefirstandsecondhalftodefinitelyprovethisstatement．Mostofthethingshedoesorsaysinthebookareliesthat，onlybyhisnarration，thereadercoulddecipherbetween．However，thecharacters抽thebookdonotknowwhenheislying，aswedo．So，throughoutthebookHoldengoesaboutmakingmanyfalserelationshipsorjustbluntlyliestoothers．Heisnomorereal，thanthewaxfigures，toanyonehemeets．Inthat辩㈣，HoldeniSlikethemuseunl42 山末大学硕上论文inwhichhefindssanctuaryfromthestinkingworld．“Onewasseparatedfromtheworldbyapaneofglass，theotherbyawalloflies．””Whenhefleesagainandagaintheobscenities‘‘flickyou”writtenonthewall，heclearlyrecognizeswhatafantasyhisidealis．‘'That’sthewholetrouble．YouCall’teverfindaplacethat’sniceandpeaceful，becausethereisn’tany．Youmaythinkthereis，butonceyougetthere,whenyou’rcnotlooking，somebody’11sneakupandwrite‘flickyou’rightunderyournose．"[Catcher，p．183]Hethinks，even，ifheever盛稚。rightatthebottomofhistombstoneit’11say“fuekyou”。Hetriestorubanother“flickyou'’onthestaircasewallinPhoebe’sschool，bmhefindsthisoneisscratchedonwithaknifeorsomething．‘‘Itwouldn’tcomeoff．It’shopeless，anyway．Ifyouhadamillionyearstodoitin．youcouldn’tmboutevenhalfthetuckyou’signsintheworld．It’simpossible．"[Catcher,p．182】Heiseventuallyawareoftheintrinsicobscenityandfilthoflife．Itisagreattormentforhim．Afterall，heabandonshisillusionalthoughhehasgotanacuteinsi曲tintothecorruptionanddegradationnatureoftheadultworld，Intheculture’smindandinHolden’s，sexissomethingmencommitonwomenanditisclearthatitbelongstotheadultworld．Hisincapabilityoferasingallthe‘‘luckyou'’signssymbolizesthathecan’tholdbackthenecessityof“dangerousfall”fromchildhoodtoadulthood．Later，hedismissesfromhismindhisdreamofbeing‘'thecatcherintherye'’whenheisseeingPhoebeandotherkidsridingonthecarrousel．‘'Allthekidskepttryingtograbforthegoldring，andsowasoldPhoebe，and1wassortofafraidshe’dtalloffthegoddamhorse，butIdidn’tsayanythingforthegoldring，youhavetoletthem 由采大举颀上论文doit．andnotsayanything．Iftheyfalloff,theyfalloff,butit'sbadifyousayanythingtOthem．”[Catcher,p+190】Afterbeingforcedtoacc印ttheinevitablethets，Holdenrealizesthattheonlywayofbecomingmatureforchildrenistoexperienceboththewarlilloveandthesufferingsoffindinglove．Onlyinthiswaycantheythemselvesdistinguishbetweentruthandfalsehood，beautyanduglinessineverydaylife．Thetr繇sieneeofnaivetyandinnocenceaddsshiningattractiontochildhood．Phoebe’sarrivalmarksadramaticchangeofthenovel．HoldengoesbacktothemuseumentranceandseesPhoebeacrossthestreet．Sheiscarryingalargesuitcaseand，whentheymeet，tellsHoMensheisgoingawaywithhim．Sheiswearingtheredcap，arebellioussymbolofHolden，thussymbolicallychangingplaceswithHolden．NowitisPhoebewhoactsirresponsiblyandirrationally,bywantingtorunaway．EventuallyHoldenrealizesthathehastotakesomekindofresponsibilitywhenPhoebeinsistsonherdecision．Heknowshewantshissistertobehappy，forwhomhecaresiTlorethanforanyoneelse．HecannoteventhinkabouttheresultofheraccompanyinghimtotheWestandthereforemadethedecisionnot姆leave．Thus．‘"Phoebe---presumabtyunwittingly--becomesthecatalyticagentthatcausesHolden，willy，nilly，toacceptresponsibility．''28Insharpcontrasttothephoniesaroundhim，heshowshissincerekindnessandcompassioninhiscommunicationwithothers．HecaresmuchforPhoebeand靠lkids．Moreover,heissympathetictothoseweakandhelpl拳sssistersand 出东大学硕士论文brothers，asJamesCastleandStradlater,Heregretswithgreatresentmentthathumanbeingisrivinginahorriblestate．Heissufferinghisownagony；meanwhileheisextendinghisdeepcompassionandtolerancetoallthemiseriesandhorrorsinhumanlife。Heistookindandbenevolenttohateanyone．Eventuallyheevenforgivesthosepeoplewhohaveeverhurthim．JustashehastoldhisteacherAntolini：‘"butyouarewrongaboutthathatingbusiness，Youreallyare．1don’thatetoomanygIlys．WhatImaydo，Imayhatethemforalittlewhile⋯Iadmitit—butitdoesn’tlasttoolong，iswhatImean。Afterawhile，ifIdidn’tseethem，iftheydidn’tcomeintheroom⋯Isortofmissedthem．"[Catcher，p．168】HisloveextendsnotonlytOwhomhefeelsintimatewith，butalsopeoplewhomhedislikes，andeventhosewhohashurthimdeep．Antolini’Sbehaviorsurprisesandstrikeshimheavily，however,afterhcleaveshisapartment，hebeginstowonderifjustmaybeheiswrongaboutthinkingAntoliniWasmakingaflitlypassathim．Heevenstartswonderingifmaybeheshould’vegothisbagsandgonebacktoAntolini’shouse“lstartedthinkingthatevenifheWasaflithecertainly’dbeenverynice艳me．"[Catcher，p．175】Thelastparagraphofthenovelseemstosuggesthiscompassioninamoreobviousway。‘'AboutallIknowis，IsortofmisseverybodyItoldabout．EvenoldStradlaterandAckley．forinstance．IthinkIevenmissthatgoddarnMaurice．It’Sfunny,"[Catcher,p。192】Hereconcileswiththestemrealitywithhisheartfulcompassion．Hismissforthosehypocritesintheworldofphonieshintshispossibilityofreturningtothesocietythatheisdisgustedwith．Viewingitfromadifferentangle，thatis，fromhisweakcharacter,his 出取夫擎簸i论文eventualcompromisewiththerealityisnecessaryandinevitable．FromtheverybeginningHoldenknowsthathehimselfisacoward，accordingtowhatevercriterion，ofthesocietyoroftheindividual．Hekeepswantingtokillwhoeverhadwritten“flle羹you'’and‘'keptpicturingmyselfcatchinghimatit。andhowI'dsmashhisheadonthestonestepstillhewasgoodandgoddamdeadandbloodily．"[Catcher,P，181】Butheknows，too，hewouldn’thavethegutstodoit。Hehardlyevenhasthegutstorubitoffthewallwithhishand．Nordoeshehavethecouragetokillhimselflikehehadimaginedrepeatedly．Astheresultsofhisweakness．heisalwaysinfailureinasocietywhere“success”isemphasized．Somesymbolicmeaningcallbefoundinthefollowingphrases：‘‘I’donlybeeninabouttoofightsinmylife，andIlostbothofthem．{’mnottootough，l'mapacifist．ifyouwanttoknowthetruth．'"[Catcher，p．40】Actuallyherebeemploys“pacifist'’todisguisehisweaknessinthesociety,AnotherfightreferstothatwitholdMaurice．HoldencalinotstopMauriceandSunnytakingthemoneyandhisreactionsarethoseofachild：hecriesandhurlsinsults，justashedoeswithStradlater．ThepowerfuldepictionofMauriceimplieshisvuinerabilitytotheharsh，corruptworldofcityaswellasschool。ThesocialandpersonalelementscooperatetoforceHoldentodeserthisdaydreamsandfacethereality．Otherwisehewillbeconfinedinthesanitariumallhislifeanddeprivedcompletelyofhis矗鲈tsofnormallife．InsteaditisthemodernsocietywhichhorrifiesandalienatesHoldenshouldacceptmentalcure．Inordertosurvivetheyoungidealisthasnootherchoicebut幻beconformedtotherea／ity 山东大学硕I‘论文Holdenmightlearnhowtoendure‘'phonies”andevilhehimselfmightbecomea'phony”．Indeed，whateverheturnstobe，hewouldneverbecomethesecondStradlater．Hisinnerheartwillpreservepurityforeverdespiteofthesuperficialpollution．Theso·called“miss”doesn’tsignifyhisabsoluteacceptionandrecognitionofthosehypocrites．Itsuggestsakindofleniencyfromacommandingposition，asheisa“sensitive，psychologicallycrippledbutsuperiorcharacter．’’29Thushisreconciliationwiththerealityisareservedone，includinghisdistanceawayfromthesocietyinpsychologyandemotions．Abouthisidealcabinnearthewoodheimagines‘‘I’dhavethisrulethatnobodycoulddoanythingphonywhentheyvisitedme．Ifanybodytriedtodoanythingphony,theycouldn’tstay．"[Catcher,P．184】Heisstillanidealistfromthebottomofhisheartandthushecannotembracelifesincerely．Alotofpeople，especiallyhispsychoanalyst，keepaskinghimifheisgoingtoapplyhimselfwhenhegoesbacktoschoolnextSeptemberHethinks，“it'ssuchastupidquestion⋯1meanhowdoyouknowwhatyou’regoingtodotillyoudoit?Theansweris，youdon’t．IthinkIain，buthowdoIknow?Iswearit'sastupidquestion．"’[Catcher，p．192】Heisstillinapredicament．BenefitingfromthefondnessofhiseldersisterYuanchunandLadyDowagerBaoyuisabletoescapetotheLandofMaidensintheGrandViewGarden，whereisjustasaLandofPeachBlossomsinthesulliedworld．Therehespendsthemostpleasanttimeofhisworldlylife．‘"TheGrandViewGardenisreallylikeafragrantflower，however，ithasparasitizedahalfrottenoldtree．’’30Thestormsthatshould47 山东大学颈士论文havecomewouldcomesoonerorlater，Itisnotmerealparadise．andtheprotectionsitcanprovideislimited．JiaBaoyu，immersedinvisionarypleasures，picksnocouragetofacereality，Oncehisthoughtsandbehaviorsconflictwiththerealisticinterests，therealityshowsitstruecolors．Undertheattackofthefeudalism，allhisardentlywishesandpursuitsaredisillusionedagainandagain．EvenhislovewithDaiyuisnotsurviving．HehaskeptbeinginlovewithDaiyu，thesolegirlwhocanreallyunderstandhim，buttomaltywhomdependedontheprofitofhisclan．Theconflictionbetween‘'thewellmatchbetweengoldandjade”and‘‘thepledgebetweenplantandstone”representsthatbetweenthefeudalrebelandthefeudalclan，andthuscannotbereconciledLinDaiyuandXueBaoehaiareequallycharmingphysicallyandintellectually,andBaoyuisattractedtobothofthematfirst．Infact，forawhileheclingstoXueBaochai，puttingasideLinDaiyu．Butashegainsmoreexperienceoflife，especiallyafterheundergoesthe．painfulclashoffeudalcontradictionsinhissurroundings，therealobjectiveofhislovebecomesclear,andhegraduallydistanceshimselffromXueBaochai，whohasbeenurginghimtoadapthimselftothefeudalmores，andhecleavesoncemoretohistruesoulmateLinDaiyu，LinDaiyumanagestokeepherself-respectinthemidstofthegrandandsnobbishJias，wardingoffsli曲tsandbullying砸thhercandidandcarpingtongue．Herstaunch，defiantcharactermatchesthatofBaoyuwell．TheearlyperiodofthelovebetweenJiaBaoyuandLinDaiyuhasachildishneffvet6aboutit,butasth必becomemoreawareoftheirfeelingstheirloveripens．However,aSthefortunesoftheJiafamily 出末天学磷士论文worsens，theh裁ldofthehouseholdgrowsdailymoreanxioustocorrectBaoyu’swaywardnessSOthattheboycarlrestorethesituation，hintingtimeandagainthatBaoyuandBaochaiwouldmakeaperfectmatchandtighteningtherestrictionsonBaoyu’sfreedom．Theysee．Baochaiastheverypersonnotonlytoassistthemwi搬moneybutalsotosteerBaoyubackontotheroadoffeudalrectitude．ThebondsoffeudaloppressiontightenaroundBaoyuandDaiyu。Inthissituation，Daiyu’Shealth，alwaysprecarious，beginstofailrapidly．Eventuallyshediesofloveandgrief．InadditiontothedeathofDaiyu。manyblowsoccurr协him．Mostofthegirlshecherishes，whethermaidsorgirlsofnobility，haveunfortunatelots．Qingwendiesofanuntimelydeathwronglyaccused；Jinchuandrownsherselfinthewell；Siqismashesherheadagainstthewallanddiedinapoolofblood；andYuanyanghangsherselfafterthedeathofLadyDowager，．．Yuanchun,honorableprincessassheis，haslittleoppommityofmeetingherkin．Withtearsshetellshisfather,‘Simplefarmerswholiveonpicklesanddressinhomespunatleastknowthejoysoffamilylifetogether。WhatpleasureCanltakeintfi；豁rankandluxurywhenweareseparatedlikethis”[RedMansions，p．1l7】；timidYingchuniswronglyweddedtoascoundrel，whocaresfornothingbutwomen，gamblinganddrinking，isbulliedtodeathnomorethanoneyearoftheirmarriage．Baoyuburstsintocryingandsays，‘‘Ican’thelpthinkingthatthesoonerwealldiethebetter!LifeisreallySOmeaningless．”冰edMansions，p．1764】Talentedandhigh-mindedTanchunmarriesfarfromhomeandwouldbelonelythereallbyherself；Xichun，whoseesthroughthetransienceofspring，replacesherfinegarmentswithdarkBuddhistrobes，and 出彖叉学硕t论文now“sleepsalonebythedimlylitoldshrine．"[RedMansions，p．96】AfterthenewsofMiaoyu’sabductionreacheshisears，Baoyukeepsbroodingandwonders，“howlovelyweWereintheolddaysintheGarden!Aftermysecondsister’Smarriage，though，allthegirlsdiedorweremarriedoff．}thoughtsheatleast，unsulliedbydust，wouldstayhere；yet，thissuddenstormcarryheroffevenmoreunexpectedlythanCousinLin．”鎏edMansions，P．2400】Forsuch黼admirerofgirls，howcan’thefeelimmenselypainedwhenexperiencingtheJossoftheserespectable，lovelyandgenialintimates?InthesuperficialprosperityandnobilityhemeetstimeandagaintheimpermanenceoflifeandcomestorealizethatthereareSOmuchunforttmesintheworldBaoyuisbommafamilyofgreathonorandsplendor：hisfatherhasrisentotherankofUnder-Secretary；hisuncleinheritsthetitleoftheDukeofRongguo；hiseldersisterisselectedasImperialConsort；andhismother’SbrotherWangZitengisCommander—in·ChiefoftheMetropolitanGarrison．Leadingalifeofeaseandcomfort，hehasahappychildhoodandajoyfutearlyyouth。Ashegrowsupallsortsofadversitiesandblowscomeincessantlyandgrowevenfiercer,amongwhichtheviolentoneistheraidon3iaMansion，afterwhichthehereditarytitleshasbeenabolishedandJiaSheissenttothefrontiertoexpiatehiscrime．ItalsoindirectlyresultsinthedeathofXifeng张畦La曲Dowager．Beingaccustomed协comfortandenjoyment，Baoyuhasneverknowngenuineanxiety．ThisoneCanbeconsideredashisfirstexperienceofdisaster．Atthattimesobbingandwailingassailshimwheneverheturns，andhismindbecomesmoreunhingedandwhen50 山东大学硕上论盅=othersweepshejoinsin．TalentedasXifeng，TanchunorBaochaiare，theycannotchangethedoomedfateoftheroaenfeudalnobility．Theraid，havingthoroughlysmashedhispreviousna'fveandbeautifulideal，turnstobetheobjectiveimmediatecauseforhisturningtoreligion．Baoyuisawareofthegrimreality，butdoesn’tknowhowtofaceandextricatehimselffromsuchapredicament．Whatheisabletodoistoretreat．Whenallhisfantasiesvanishlikesoapbubbles，heisdisillusionedwithandwithdraws丘omthewaysoftheearthlylifeandbecomesaBuddhist．Comparedwithhisstrongopponent，BaoyuisSOinsignificantthatheisunabletonghtwithit．HehasnowayoutafterexperiencingSOmanyvaluablethingsoflifeinhismindaledestroyed．Heregretsandresentsthedestructionofthesegoodness，thevaluesofwhichheisquiteconscious．BybecomingaBuddhisthebidsfarewelltothatagewhichhasminedvaluablethings．Itistheprotestthathecouldthinkofagainsthisclanandfamily．However，hiswithdrawalcannotpreventthevaluablethingsfrombeingcorruptedbythatageandnorCanitalleviatehisownsufferingfeelingsInsteadtheauthorhintsUSthereligiousworldisasdarkandfilthyasthesecularworldismadthusBaoyu’SwithdrawaltotheBuddhismisdeniedtosomedegree．VariousevilbehaviorsunderthecloakofreligionareexposedsarcasticallyInsidetheBuddhismatthatperiod，theBuddhistshasn’tfollowedtheprinciplessuchastheyshouldbefreefromhumanperceptions，desiresandpassions31andshouldalwayshavemercyatheart．PriestessMa,Baoyu’sBuddhistgodmother, 山东，k学襁士论文decksherselfoutas‘‘agreatBodhisattvainthewestwhosegloryilluminesallaroundandwhosesplendidchargeitisto确I培tolighttheevilspiritsindarkplaces”．[RedMansions，p．489】Atthesightofthegleamingpileofsilver,sheconspireswithConcubineZhao，theconcubineofJiaZheng，totakethelifeofMadamXi您ngandBaoyuthroughsorceryandthusgetsembroiledintheinternals拉ifeofJiaMansion．Forthreethousandtaels，AbbessJingxuofWaterMoonConvent，plottingtogetherwithXifeng，cruellybreaksuptheengagementbetweenJin’geandthesonoftheformerInspectorofChang’撇．Asaprincipledandfeelinggirl，Jin’gequietlyhangsherselfwitharope；andtheinspector’SSOnisSOmuchinlovethathedrownshimselfwhenhehearsofhersuicide,showingthatheisworthyofhisgoodfiancde．ThustheZhangandLifamiliesareunluckyenoughtolosebothgirlandmoney．OnlyJingxuandXifengarethegainerbythreethousandtaels．ThereligiousworldwallowedinthemirewiththesecularworldandthusBaoyu’SrebellionofbeingconvertedtoBuddhismseelnsfeebleandpowerless．Hisrevoltisdoomedtoatragedysincethecrumblingsecularworldhadbeeninterwovenwiththeimpureandcomplicatedreligiousworld．HisbecomingofaBuddhistisfromacorruptedworldtoanotherrottenworld，WecouldcatchaglimpseofhisdenouementfromMiaoyu，whoisanoutstandingcharacteralthou曲thereian’tmuchportraitforherinADreamofRedMansions。TheFirstRegisterofTwelveBeautiesofJinlingshowsus：“Chastityisherwish，Seclusionherdesire；Alas，thoughfineasgoldorjade，shesinksatlastinthenfire．"’啤edMansions，p．95】‘'Toend，despiteherself,defiledonthedustyroad—Evenasflawlesswhitejade 山东大学顿士论文droppedinthemud．”CR耐Mansions，P．105】Afterthedeathoftheoldlady，whenthewholeJiaMansionisbusyingonthefuneral，adespicableslavecalledHeSanleadsagangofrobbersintotheMansionandhascarriedofftheoldlady’Sgold，silverandothervaluables，TheboldestamongthemhasbeenattractedbyMiaoyuwhoisaccompanyingXichuninalightedhouse．ThenextdaythethievesaresetonkidnappingMiaoyu,knowingthatthereareonlyweakW01TI髓qinthenunnery．Bythethirdwatchwhenallarestill，armedwithdaggersandnarcoticincensetheyclimbontOthehi}馥wall．Bythefifthwatch,aSMiaoyuisonherhassocksittingcross-leggedinmeditation，shesmellsawhiffofscentwhichsg,emstoseepintoherbrainandanumbnessovercomesher,makingherunabletOmoveorutterasound．Panic—strickenthen，sheseesamariclimbinwithgleamingdagger．Theintruderpicksherupandslingsheronhisbackandcarriesheraway．WhetherMiaoyulivesOninshameafterbeingkidnapped，orwhethersheresistsandiskilledcannotbedecided．JustasBaoyuhaswondered，‘'sheusedtocallherselfthe‘oneoutsidethethreshold．’Howcouldachaste季fllikethatcometosuch秘endT’[RedMansions，p．2400】Shecouldn’tescapethetragicfatearrangedbythesocietyalthoughshehasescapedtothereligiousworld．HertragedysuggestsBaoyu’StragicdenouementofbecomingaBuddhist．HerimageisacomplementarydepictionofBaoyu’SfutureItisamanifestationofhisrebellionthroughseveringearthlyties，butitcannotbecalledthevictoryofarebel+Itshowshisdespairandhelplessnesswithworldlylifeandhispassiverevoltagainstthesulliedworld．Itisatragedywhere53 山东大学硕士论文meaningfullifecannotbefoundout． 山东久学醺上论叟ConclusionThroughtheages，anyindividualsincehisorherbirthbelongstothegivensocialandhistoricalenvironmentandthusisentrustedtherelevantsocialrole，despitewhetherheorsheiswillingtoacceptit．Generallyspeaking，iftheindividualinthegivensocialenvironmentrefusestheentrustedsocialrole．inotherwords，ifself-identificationconflictswithsociMexpectation，theindivi&talisdoomedtoberestrainedorevenattackedbythesociety．Theindividualisinevitablytobeargreatpressureinreality,theself-identificationcannotberealizedandeventuallyatragedyoflifeisbrewed．Thesourceofthetragedyistheconflictbetweenindividualwillandsocialwill．EitherHoldenorJiaBaoyuareindividualswhothoroughlyrejecttheirsocialroles，asaresult，theyaredestinedtoexperienceatragiclife．Allthingsintheworld，includinglifejourney，existanddevelopintheone-waypassageoftime。Forindividual，‘‘growtK’isthespecificmanifestationofthisirreversibledevelopment．Withthepassageoftimetheindividualbecomesmatureandstrongegandisperceptiveoftheworldlythings。Meanwhile，whentheindividualgrowsoldenoughtofindthattherealsituationoftheworldanditsrequesttohimorheraleoutoftuneswiththewishesandidealsinhisorherowninnerheart，heorshewillexperiencetheagonyandsorrowfollowingthedisillusionment，Havingtheirownspecialcharacteranddisposition，HoldenandBaoyualesufferingmoreviolentlyandde印forsuchexperience+TheshadowoftragedyreignsoveFthemthroughtheirlifejourneyDespairatandhelplessnesswiththercalityleadtoHolden’Sbreakdownand55 山东大学顿士硷文Baoyu’SbeingconvertedtoBuddhism．Theirbehaviorsareinactiveandpowerlessrevoltagainstthefoulworld．ItisatragedythatnowayisfoundOUtaftertheirfantasiesaredisillusioned．ItisnotonlythepersonaltragedyofBaoyu，Holdenortheirauthors，butthetragedyoftheirowntimes，Theirinnermiseriesandconflictionarethemirrorofthoseofeveryindividualintheworld．Suchmiseriesandconfliction，whichhumanbeingaretryingtogetridof,butcannot．aretroublingUSsincethebirthofman．Itisthetragedyofallthehumanbeing，forwe“can’teverfindaplacethat’Sniceandpeaceful，becausethereisn’tany．"[CatcherP．183】‘‘Itisnottherealtragedyiftheindividualacceptstheadversitysubmissivelywhenitfallsuponacoward，OnlywhenheshowsthespiritofdeterminationandfightCallitberegardedasarealtragedy,despitewhatheshowsareonlytheinstantvitality，passionandinspiration，whichareself-transcendence．Tragedyliesintherevoltagainsttheadversity．”32Holdendreamstobe“thecatcherintherye”，andBaoyufindsgoodnessandconsolationin‘'theLandsofMaidens”．Theyrebelagainstthefilthysocialvaluesintheirownway,althoughitcannotbecalledacompleterevolt．EveryoneofUS，likeHoldenandBaoyu，istheheroofthelifetragedy．Therearemanysimilaritiesintheorigin，developmentandendingofthesetwocharacters．ItisnotfoltuitousthatthetwoauthorsoftheCatcherintheRyeandADreamofRedMansions，indifferenttimes，countries，andhistoricalculturebackground，createsoanalogousliteratureimages．ItdemonstratesthatHoldenandBaoyu，astherebelsofthespiritsoftimes，arebeyondtimes．‘'Tragedyisthegrand 出东大学硬七论文miseryofhumanbeing，oristhedeathofthegreatman'’33Thesubjectiveideal，eitherofHoldenorBaoyu．cannotbethoroughlyreconciled诵诅1thesocialrealityTheirlifeidealisdoomedtobefrustratedbythemercilesssocialreality，Itisthegrandmiseryofhumanbeing． u东大学硕士论文Notesi．N．图基，YorkNotesOnTheCatcherinTheRye．London：AddisonWesleyLongmanLimited，1998．LicensedforsaleinthemainlandterritoryofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaonly，P．82．1bid．，P．12．3．ShiChangyu，PrefaceofADreamofRedMansions,Beijing：ForeignLanguagePress，1994，p．6．4．1bid．，P．1．5．N．图基．拍竹NotesonTheCatcherinTheRye,London：AddisonWesleyLongmanLimited，1998．LicensedforsaleinthemainlandterritoryofthePeople’SRepublicofChinaonly，p．11．6．I．e．thefourmajorConfucianclassics：TheGreatLearning,TheDoctrineoftheMean，TheAnalectsofConfuciusandMencius．7温洁霞：《无地守望：霍尔顿的精神之旅》，《黄冈师范学院学报》第22卷第l期2002年2月，第4页。8．Aslangtermforadulterybetweenarllanandhisdaughter·in·law9．赵学慧：《圣杯依然盛满爱》，《山东师大外国语学院学报》，2000年02期，第97页。10．刘荐波：《两颗孤寂的灵魂．昆丁与霍尔顿比较研究》，《华北电力大学学报(社会科学版)》，1999年第1期，第58页。11．Galloway，DavidD．，TheLoveEthic，Newyork：CambridgeUniversityPress，1991，p．32．12．Alexaneder，CharlotteA．，，nSalingerjTheCatcherintheRyeCalifornia：RenaissanceBooks，1999，p．37．13．郭真义：《浅析贾宝玉的神经症人格》，《嘉应大学学报》，1995年第3期(总第35期)，第36页。 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