Stem Cells and Diabetes - Howard Hughes Medical Institute：干细胞与糖尿病-霍华德休斯医学研究所

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1、StemCellsandDiabetesThePresentBackgroundDiabetesaffectsmorepeopleandcausesmoredeathseachyearthanbreastcancerandAIDScombined.TheAmericanDiabetesAssociationestimatesthat16millionpeople,5.9%oftheU.S.population,currentlyhassometypeofdiabetes.Whatisdiabetes?groupofdis

2、easesabnormallyhighlevelsofglucoseinthebloodpossiblecomplicationsincludeblindness,stroke,kidneyfailure,heartdisease,poorcirculation,andamputationType1Diabetesjuvenile-onsettypicallyaffectschildrenandyoungadultsimmunesystemattacksanddestroysbetacells(βcells)inthe

3、isletsofLangerhansofthepancreasthatnormallyproduceinsulinglucosedoesnotenterthecellsandthereforeaccumulatesinthebloodType2Diabetesadult-onsetdiabetestypicallyaffectsolder,sedentary,andoverweightindividualswithafamilyhistoryofdiabetesbodycannotuseinsulineffectivel

4、yduetoinsulinresistance,glucoseaccumulatesinthebloodRoleofPancreasinDiabetesWhatisinsulin?peptidehormonesynthesizedwithintheβcellsoftheisletsofLangerhanslocatedinthepancreasaffectsmetabolismandotherbodyfunctionscausescellsintheliver,muscle,andfattissuetotakeupglu

5、cosefromthebloodstreamRoleofPancreasinDiabetesQuestion:IntypeIdiabetics,isitpossibletogetcellstoproduceinsulin?twopossiblesourcesofcellsexistingcellsadultstemcellsWhatareadultstemcells?Theyare:undifferentiatedcellsthatoccurindifferentiatedtissueabletomakeident

6、icalcopiesofthemselvesabletoyieldspecializedcelltypesofthetissuefromwhichtheyoriginateddonotreplicateindefinitelyincultureResearchersareInvestigating:IsitpossibletoactivatethedifferentiationofadultstemcellspresentinthepancreasinordertoproduceneededinsulinintypeId

7、iabetics?Whatadvantage/disadvantagewouldthishaveoverorgan/islettransplantationorinsulininjection?ResearchersWouldNeedtoKnow:Arethereadultstemcellspresentinthepancreasthatdifferentiateintobetacells?Areadultpancreaticbetacellsformedbyself-duplication,stemcelldiffer

8、entiation,oracombinationofthetwoprocesses?Mouse-ModelStudyApulse-chaseexperimentperformedbyProfessorDouglasMeltonandhisteamprovidesimportantinformationabouthow