ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AT THE LANDSCAPE SCALE Critical issues and future prospects生态系统服务在景观尺度上的关键问题和前景

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1、ECOSYSTEMSERVICESATTHELANDSCAPESCALE:CriticalissuesandfutureprospectsByJeffreyA.McNeelySeniorScienceAdvisor,IUCNjam@iucn.orgBurgos22March2011HumaninfrastructureNature’sinfrastructureThecriticalchallengeisfindingwaysforthesetwodifferentinfrastructurestobemu

2、tuallysupportiveEcosystemservicesmayofferaproductivewayforwardLossofspeciesnegativelyaffectsoverallecosystemresilience;Restorationofbiodiversitygreatlyenhancesecosystemproductivity;Regionsofhighpriorityforbiodiversityalsohaveveryhighecosystem-servicevalue(

3、Butchartetal.,2010)CarbonsequestrationandstorageSoilformationandfertilityPlantpollinationWatershedprotectionandregulationAirqualityPest&diseasecontrolWildspecies&habitatprotectionDecompositionofwastesLandscapebeautyHowforestshelpsupportthe“naturalinfrastru

4、cture”Water-relatedservices:Provisionoffreshwaterfordrinking,agriculture,electricitygenerating,etc.RegulationoffloodsandextremeweathereventsPurificationofwastesDeliveryofnutrient-richsedimentstofloodplainsTheseareworthUS$7trillionperyearwww.teebweb.orgTrop

5、icalforestvalue:$6,120–16,362/ha/yr(basedon109studies–TEEB2009)Thecostoflosingforests:$2.5trillionperyear–TEEB2010Meso-AmericanBiologicalCorridorTheLandscapescaleisnowwidelyacceptedUSAandCanadaAustralia•Spans23countries.•Rangesfromlocaltogloballevels.•Divi

6、dedinto3sections:FennoscandiaandtheBalticStatesCentralEuropeSouthEasternEuropeEuropeanGreenBeltTheStructureSowhatdoesthefutureholdforecosystemservices?NielsBohr,theDanishphysicist:“It’sverydifficulttomakepredictions,especiallyaboutthefuture.”Interventi

7、onsthatseemobviouslycorrecttodaymaynolongerbesowhenconditionschangeinthefuture.ThelinksbetweendriversofchangecallformoreintegratedapproachesThepriceofoilaffectsthepriceoffoodWhocouldhavepredictedthatwhenaTunisianfruit-sellersethimselfonfireinDecember,thewh

8、oleworldwouldfeeltheheat?TrendsaffectingecosystemservicesWhataretheecologicalimplicationsof9billionpeople?30-40%morefoodrequired1billionhaofnaturalhabitatconvertedtoagriculture2-3timesmorenitrogenandphosphoru