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1、Ecosystems(2000)3:21±23DOI:10.1007/s100210000005ECOSYSTEMSr2000Springer-VerlagTheEnergeticBasisforValuationofEcosystemServicesHowardT.Odum1andEugeneP.Odum*21EnvironmentalEngineeringSciences,UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,Florida32611;2InstituteofEcology,
2、UniversityofGeorgia,Athens,Georgia30602,USAKeywords:valuation;ecosystemservices;emergy;energetics.Valuationisonemechanismbywhichhumansbestwaytodothisistouseonekindofenergyastheorganizeoccupancyanduseoflarge-scaleecosys-commondenominator.temsandregions,suc
3、haswatersheds,estuaries,AsreviewedbyMartinez-Alier(1987),beginningcities,states,nations,andultimatelythewholeinthemiddleofthelastcenturyinvestigatorshaveearth(theglobalperspective).Whenhumanvalua-attemptedtoevaluateenvironmentalproductswithtionsdonotmeasu
4、retherealcontributionsofenergy.Theseattemptsfailedbecausedifferentkindsnaturalecosystems,asiscurrentlythecase,ecosys-ofenergieswereconsideredequal.Acalorieoftemsarenotprotected,andthelargersystemssunlight,wind,coal,hydrogen,plants,animals,andproducelesswh
5、enthenaturalecosystemsarelosttopeoplewasconsideredequal,thoughtheydefinitelydevelopment.Ecologistsworkingonsmall-scalearenotequal.Theearlyevaluationsignoredthestudiesareconcernedwiththelossoftheirstudynaturalenergyhierarchyoftheuniverseinwhichareasandbiod
6、iversity.Ecologistsworkingatlargemanyjoulesofonekindmustbedegradedtoscales,andsocietyingeneral,havetobeconcernedgenerateafewjoulesofanother.Ecologistsarethatpoorvaluationisdelayingtheorganizationofafamiliarwiththefoodchainexampleofenergysustainablepattern
7、ofenvironmentandpeople.hierarchyandknowthatajouleofawhaleinvolvesEcosystemsoftheworldarethreatenedbecausemorepriorworkthanajouleofphytoplankton.marketpricesareusedtoevaluatethem.AsFigure1Also,untilrecently,mainlineeconomistsignoredshows,moneyisonlypaidtop
8、eoplefortheiranysuggestionsforincludingnature'sgoodsandcontributions,andnottoecosystems.Infact,mar-servicesineconomicvaluation,evensuggestionsketvaluesareinversetocontributions.Whensoils,frommembersoftheirownprofess
