欧洲文化简明教程_classic age greek culture and roman culture

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1、ChapterOneClassicAge:GreekCultureandRomanCultureI.Greekculture1.TheHistoricalBackgroundWheneverwetalkabouttheancientGreece,wecannotfailtomentiontheTrojanWarwhichlastedtenyearsbeginningfrom1194B.C.andendingin1184BC.Manystorieshavebeentoldaboutthiswar.ButHomertoldthestorymorevividlyinhisIliad.I

2、nthe5thcenturyB.C.GreeceenteredamoregloriousperiodwhentheGreekpeopledroveawaythePersianinvadersandAthensestablisheddemocracyinwhichonlytheadultmaleGreekcitizenscouldusetheirpowerandrights.Athensdevelopeditseconomydependingontheslavesystem.TheOlympicGamesalsooriginatedfromancientGreece,anditre

3、vivedin1896.Duringthisperiod,science,philosophy,literature,artandhistorywritingdevelopedquickly.Butwhenforeignthreatwasremoved,acivilwarbrokeoutbetweenAthensandSpartaattheendofthecentury.Inthesecondhalfofthe4thcenturyB.C,oneoftheGreekstatescalledMacedonbecamemoreandmorepowerfulundertheleaders

4、hipofAlexandertheKingwhounifiedthewholeGreeceasQinshihuang(thefirstemperoroftheQinDynasty)unifiedthewholeChina.MacedonenjoyedlargeterritoriesincludingpartsofEurope,AsiaandAfrica.31Buthistoryisalwayslikesuchthatfallcomesafterrise.Nocountrycanavoidsuchafate.In146B.C.GreecewasconqueredbytheRoman

5、s.2.Literature1)Homer(荷马)HomerHomerlivedaround700B.C.Itissaidthathewasaslaveandblind.Itisconsideredthathewrotetwoepics，namely,theIliad(《伊利亚特》，另译《伊利昂记》)andtheOdyssey(《奥德赛》，另译《奥德修记》).TheIliaddealswiththewarbetweenTroyandtheunitedforcesofthestatesonthemainlandofsouthernGreece.TheallianceoftheGre

6、ekarmywasledbyAgamemnonwithAchilles,Odysseusandothergeneralsastheirmaincommanders.TrojanforceswereledbyHector.ThewarendedwiththevictoryontheGreekside.TheOdysseytellsthestoryaboutthereturnofOdysseusaftertheTrojanWartohiscountryIthaca.Thefirst12volumesdealwiththeadventuresonthesea.Thelatter12vo

7、lumesdealwiththeadventuresonland.TheepicendedwithhisunionwithhisfaithfulwifePenelopeafterhistest-flirtationwithher.PenelopeisapersonlikethefaithfulladyWangBaochuaninaChineseplay.2)LyricPoetryTwofamouslyricpoetsofthistimeareworthremembering.Th