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1、Ⅲ.DefiningCulture1.BroadDefinition:Cultureisasetofhuman-madeobjectiveandsubjectiveelementsthatinthepasthaveincreasedtheprobabilityofsurvival,resultedinsatisfactionforpeopleinanecologicalplace,andthusbecomesharedamongpersonswhocommunicatewitheachotherthroughacommonlan
2、guageandlivedatthesametime.(Everythingcreatedbyhumanbeingincludingartifacts,sociofacts,mentifacts)2.NarrowDefinition:Culturereferstotheacquiredknowledgethatpeopleusetointerpretexperienceandgeneratebehavior.3.OurDefinition:Cultureprovidestheblueprintthatdeterminesthew
3、aywethink,feel,andbehaveinsociety.4.Characteristicsofculture:pervasive,learned,shared,adaptable,explicitorimplicit,changeable,andethnocentric.5.Culturalcontrastsconcerningvalues(1)IndividualismandCollectivismDifferencesinPerceivingtheSelfIconsciousness,self-image,sel
4、f-esteemPersonalgoalsSelf-relianceSelf-interestIndividualdecisionmaking(self-determination)Privateproperty,thoughtsIndividualinitiativeandachievement(self-actualization)partofagroup,group’sgoalsDifferencesinGroupPerceptionsmanygroupsvs.restrictedgroupweakorstrongatta
5、chmentDifferencesinStatusPerceptionsstatusdifferencesorequalityDifferencesinNonverbalBehavior(2)MasculinityandFemininityThedegreetowhichmasculineorfemininetraitsprevail.Masculinity:ambition,differentiatedsexroles,achievement,theacquisitionofmoney,signsofmanliness(ass
6、ertive,domineering)Femininity:caring,nurturing,interdependence,benevolence,sexualequality3.UncertaintyAvoidanceTheextenttowhichaculturefeelsthreatenedbyoranxiousaboutuncertainandambiguoussituations.High-uncertainty-avoidanceculturestrytoavoiduncertaintybyprovidingsta
7、bility,establishingmoreformalrules,nottoleratingdeviantideasandbehaviors,seekingconsensus,andbelievingabsolutetruths.Low–uncertainty-avoidanceculturesHighLowPortugal,SwedenGreece,DenmarkPeru,NorwayBelgiumU.S.A.JapanFinland4.High-PowerandLow-PowerDistanceTheextenttowh
8、ichasocietyacceptsthatpowerinrelationships,institutions,andorganizationsisdistributedunequally.(5)HighandLowContactThespaceinphysic
