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1、ChapterVSemantics5.1Whatissemantics?Thesubjectconcerningthestudyofmeaningiscalledsemantics.Morespecifically,semanticsisthestudyofmeaningoflinguisticunits,wordsandsentencesinparticular.5・2Whatismeaning?TheoryViewRepRemarksNominalismWordsarejustnamesorlab
2、elsforthings.PlatoObviouslimitationsConceptualismLanguageandtherealworldarelinkedthroughthemediationofconcepts(semantictriangle).OgdenandRichardsThelinkbetweenLandconceptContextualismMeaningcanbederivedfromobservablecontexts(situationalandlinguistic).Fi
3、rthReferenceotherthansenseBehaviorismMeaningconsistsintherelationbetweenspeechandphysicalentitiesandevents(S-r-s-Rdiagram)BloomfieldBehavioralpsychologist5.3Typesofmeaning5.3.1Thetraditionalapproach(Fries1952)>Lexical:"meaningfulpartsofspeech(n.v.a.adv.
4、)>Structural:otherpartsofspeech,grammaticalfunctions(SVOC),Grammaticalcategories(tense,mood,etc)5.3.2Thefunctionalapproach(Leech1981)>Conceptual:logical,cognitive,ordenotativecontent/basic，CTiterial(Thewordwomanhasthreecriterialsemanticfeatures:+human,+
5、adult,-male.)>Connotative:byvirtueofwhatlanguagerefersto/referent(additionalandnon-criterialpropertiesofWOMEN:skirtwearing,sensitive,emotional,etc)>Social:ofthesocialcontextsoflanguageuse/stylistic(father,dad,daddy)>Affective:ofthefeelingsandattitudesof
6、thespeaker/writer/emotiveevaluative(statesmanandpolitician,collaboratorandaccomplice)>Reflected:throughassociationwithanothersenseofthesameexpression/associative(cock-malesexorgan,intercourse-sexualintercourse,小女11、同志)>Collocative:throughassociationwith
7、co-occurrentwords/collocational(rottentomatoes,addledeggs,rancidbutterandsourmilk)>Thematic:throughthemessageorganizationintermsoforderandemphasis/organizational(ThisbookIhavenotread.Iandyou,youandI)5.3.3Thepragmaticapproach（Palmer1976andLyons1977）>Sent
8、encemeaning:theconventionalcontentorliteralmeaningofasentence>Utterancemeaning:therealizationofthesentencemeaninginacontext5.4Wordmeaning5.4.1Senseandreference（initiatedbyGottlobFrege1892）>Sense:theinherent,abstractanddecontextua
