英语语言学笔记

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1、英语语言学笔记LinguisticsChapter1Introduction:LanguageandLinguisticsWhatislanguage?DifferentdefinitionsoflanguageLanguageisasystemwhosepartscanandmustbeconsideredintheirsynchronicsolidarity・(deSaussure,1916)[Languageis]aset(finiteorinfinite)ofsentences,eachfiniteinlengthan

2、dconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements・(Chomsky,1957)Languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.Eachofthedefinitionsabovehaspointedoutsomeaspectsoftheessenceoflanguage,butallofthemhavelefto

3、utsomething.Wemustseethemulti-facetednatureoflanguage・Asisagreedbylinguistsinbroadterms,languagecanbedefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.FeaturesofhumanlanguageCreativityLanguageprovidesopportunitiesforsendingmessagesthathaveneverbeensen

4、tbeforeandforunderstandingbrandnewmessages.Thegrammarrulesandthewordsarefinite,butthesentencesareinfinite.Everyspeakeruseslanguagecreatively.DualityLanguagecontainstwosubsystems,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.Certainsoundsorsequencesofsoundsstandforcertainmeanings

5、・Certainmeaningsareconveyedbycertainspeechsoundsorsequencesofspeechsounds・ArbitrarinessTherelationshipbetweenthetwosubsystemsoflanguageisarbitrary・Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweensoundandmeaning.DisplacementThereisnolimitintimeorspaceforlanguage・Languagecanbeusedto

6、refertothingsrealorimagined,past,presentorfuture・CulturaltransmissionCulturecannotbegeneticallytransmitted.Instead,itmustbelearned.Languageisawayoftransmittingculture.InterchangeabilityAllmembersofaspeechcommunitycansendandreceivemessages.ReflexivityHumanlanguagesca

7、nbeusedtodescribethemselves.Thelanguageusedtotalkaboutlanguageiscalledmeta-language・Functionsoflanguage-threemeta-functionsTheideationalfunctionToidentifythings,tothink,ortorecordinformation.TheinterpersonalfunctionTogetalonginacommunity.ThetextualfunctionToformatex

8、t.TypesoflanguageGeneticclassificationTypologicalclassificationAnalyticlanguage一noinflectionsorformalchanges,grammaticalrelationshipsaresh