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1、(1[AmericanRomanticismwasarebellionagainsttheobjectiveofrationalism.Itstretchfromtheendofthel&hcenturytooutbreakoftheCivilWar.Itschiefemphasizesfreedom,individualismandimagination,aninnate,subjective,andintuitiveperceptionofman.Therepresentativesabou
2、tromanticismperiodincludedIrving,CooperandBryantBeingaperiodofthegreatfloweringofAmericanliterature,itisalsocalled"theAmericanRenaissance.95TranscendentalismreferstothereligiousandphilosophicaldoctrinesofRalphWaldoEmersonandothersinNewEnglandinthemid
3、dle180()1,whichemphasizedtheimportanceofindividualinspirationandintuition,theOver-soul,andNature.OtherconceptsthataccompaniedTranscendentalismincludetheideathatnatureisennoblingandtheideathattheindividualisdivineand,therefore,self-reliant.(1)Freevers
4、emeanstherhymedorunrhymedpoetrycomposedwithoutpayingattentiontoconventionalrulesofmeter.(2)FreeversewasoriginatedbyagroupofFrenchpoetsofthelate19thcentury.(3)Theirpurposewastofreethemselvesfromtherestrictionofnaturalspeech.Americannaturalism:Aparticu
5、larschoolofphilosophypopularinthelate19thcentury,usuallydefinedaspessimisticdeterminism.Itconceivesofmanascontrolledbyhisinstinctsorhispassions,orbyhissocialandeconomicenvironmentandcircumstances.ThemostimportantwritersofthismovementincludeCrane,Norr
6、is,LondonandDreise匚•LocalColorists:AmovementwhichcameintoprominenceintheU.S.aftertheCivilWar,perhapsasanattempttocreatetheillusionofanindigenouslittleworldwithqualitiesbywhichpeoplecantellitapartfromtheworldoutside.Thefictionorverseemphasizesitssetti
7、ng,beingconcernedwiththecharacterofadistrictorofanera,asmarkedbyitscustoms,dialect,costumes,landscape,etc.ThedistinguishedwritersoflocalcoloristincludeMarkTwain,BretHarte,WillaCather,andHamlinGarland.(l)TheLostGenerationAfterthefirstWorldWar.Itdescri
8、bestheAmericanswhoremainedinParisasacolonyof"expatriatesImagismischaracterizedbythefollowingthreepoeticprinciples:©directtreatmentofsubjectmatter;②economyofexpression;③asregardsrhythm,tocomposeinthesequenceofthemusicalphrase,notinthesequenceofmetrono
