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1、OldEnglishandMiddleAgesLHistoricalbackground(450-15thcentuiy)1.A.theCeltsfromwestofFrance(400B.C)B.WelshandIrishlanguageandcultureC.conquests/invasions—-Romans(4thtothe6thcen.):politicsofself-government,transportationsystem,cities,LatinlanguageandChristianity(littleremained)D・beganfeudalism;news
2、ocialstrata:serfs农奴一freemen自由民—farmers农民-thanes乡士-earls爵爷一kings王爷E.amedley(mixture)ofdifferentraces/ethnicgroups;ofmultipleinfluencesandculturalandpoliticalorders2.[In597St.AugustinefromRomebroughtChristianity・Within100yearsthewholeEnglandwaschristianized.Heathenpeoplewiththeirpaganismwithdrewto
3、remoteareas・AmixtureofpaganismandChristianity.]3conquests/invasions1)…English/Anglo-SaxonConquest(Angles,Saxons,Jutes)A・GermanictribesfromtheMediterraneancoast:Scandinavia,DenmarkandGennanyB.thePagans/heathens异教徒C・enslavedtheCeltsanddroveotherstoWales,ScotlandandIreland2)…NormanConquestin1066byW
4、illiam,DukeofNormandyfromNorthernFrance:A.furtherestablishedfeudalism,andendedtheslavesystemin14thcen.B.powerfulPopedom教皇制established(1/3ofland,politicalright,widemoraldegenerationoftheclericals;penancesorpardons赦罪令C・highlycentralizedroyalpower,butconcededinthe13thcen.withestablishmentofparliame
5、nt(1215theMagnaCarta/KingJohn)D.communicationwiththeoutsideworld:diplomaticrelations,developmentoftradeandincreasingstrengthfortradesmenandskilledprofessionalsE.influencefromoutsideworldinideologyF.coexistenceof3languages:Latin,theclericalandlearned;French,noblemenandroyalcourt;A-SnativeEnglish/
6、Celticdialect(vernacular)forthecommon[Notuntilthe13thcenturydidEnglishentertheworldofofficialdiscourse官方用语.1258HenryIIIissuedaproclamation布告in3languages,14thcen.,parliamentandcourtallowedEnglish.]BackgroundMajorcultural/socialaspectsoftheperiod1.Socially:transitionfromtribalsociety~centralisedro
7、yalgovernment;theestablishmentoffeudalsystemandthegradualdecline;socialhierarchy等级制formed;town'sorcitymiddle-classappeared(traders/merchants,craftsmen,gilds)2.Politically:3-corneredgovernment:Crown:Barons:Church;Crown:Parlia
