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1、Chem.Rev.2004,104,175-198175QuantitativeMeasuresofSolventPolarityAlanR.Katritzky,*DanC.Fara,HongfangYang,andKaidoTa¨mmCenterforHeterocyclicCompounds,DepartmentofChemistry,UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,Florida32611TarmoTammandMatiKarelsonDepartmentofChemistry,UniversityofT
2、artu,2JakobiStreet,Tartu51014,EstoniaReceivedMay20,2003Contentsseparatedfromthemediuminwhichithasoccurred.2Heconsideredthattheinfluenceofsolventsis1.Introduction175primarilyrelatedtotheirchemicalstructurerather2.IndividualSolventScales177thantheirphysicalpropertiesandpostul
3、atedrela-2.1.BriefHistoricalOverviewofDevelopmentof177tionshipsbetweentheratesofreactionsandsolventScalesstructure.2.2.TypesofPropertiesUsedToDefineSolvent182Later,itbecameobviousthatasolventshouldnotPolarityScales:DivisionintoMajorClassesandDefinitionsbeconsideredonlyasama
4、croscopiccontinuum2.2.1.EquilibriumandKineticMeasurements182characterizedpurelybyphysicalconstantsbutalsoasadiscontinuumconsistingofindividualmutually2.2.2.SpectroscopicMeasurements183interactingsolventmolecules.Thesemacroscopicand2.2.3.MultiparameterApproaches186microscopi
5、capproachesmustbeconsideredtogether2.3.DetailedListofSolventScaleswith189(notseparately)asdefiningthegeneralconceptofReferencesandNumberofSolventsªsolute-solventinteractionsº.Thisconceptinvolves2.4.AttemptsToRelateScalestoDescriptors190andinfluencesallofthefollowing:(i)macr
6、oscopic3.InterrelationsbetweenSolventScales192(bulk)physicalproperties,includingrefractiveindex,3.1.CorrelationofSolventScales192relativepermittivity,density,thermodynamicchar-3.2.OverallDimensionalityofSolventParameters193acteristicsandmore;(ii)microscopicintermolecular3.2
7、.1.GeneralStatisticalApproaches193forces,includingion-dipole,dipole-dipole,dipole-3.2.2.PrincipalComponentAnalysis(PCA)193induceddipole,hydrogenbonding,electronpairApproachdonor-electronpairacceptorinteractions(EPD/4.SummaryandFutureWork196EPA),andsolvophobicinteractions;(i
8、ii)solvationin5.References196multicomponentsystems,involvingselectivesolva-tionand
