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1、TUTORIALREVIEWwww.rsc.org/csr
2、ChemicalSocietyReviewsGraphene-basednanomaterialsandtheirelectrochemistryMartinPumera*Received2ndMarch2010DOI:10.1039/c002690pGraphene-basednanomaterialsareintheforefrontofchemicalresearch.Thistutorialreviewprovidesanintroductiontotheirelectrochemi
3、stry,itsfundamentalsandapplications.Selectedexamplesofapplicationsinenergystorageandsensingarepresented.Thesyntheticmethodsforpreparinggraphenesaswellastheirmaterialschemistryarethoroughlydiscussed,astheyhaveaprofoundinfluenceontheelectronicandelectrochemicalbehaviorofgraphene-r
4、elatednanomaterials.Inherentelectrochemistryandspectroelectrochemistryofgraphenenanomaterialsisdiscussedthoroughly.Importantapplicationinsensingandenergystorageareasarehighlighted.1.IntroductionElectrochemistryisadisciplineinwhichchemicalcompositioncanbemanipulatedbyapplyingele
5、ctronflowor,viceversa,2Grapheneisatwo-dimensionalsheetofspbondedcarbonelectronflowcanbegeneratedfromchangingchemicalatoms,whichcanbeviewedasanextra-largepolycycliccomposition.Electrochemicalreactionhappensonthesurfacesaromaticmolecule.Whilegraphenesheetshavebeenknownofmaterials,w
6、hichwecallelectrodes.Electrochemistryhasawidetobecomponentsoftraditionalcarbonmaterials,suchasrangeofapplications,rangingfromlaboratorytoindustrialscale,graphite,orcomponentsofa‘‘new’’classofcarbonmaterials,3fromdetectionsciencetoenergystorage.Whileelectrochemistrysuchascarbonn
7、anotubes,therouteleadingtothepreparationitselfasascientificdisciplineiscenturiesold,thequestfor‘‘better’’ofsingle-layerplanargraphenesheetsofatomicthicknesswaselectrodematerialssuitableforthepresentneedsofscienceand1onlydiscoveredin2004.Suchtwo-dimensionalcarbonsheetssocietyisun
8、limited.Theword‘‘better’’inthiscontexthasapossessuniqueproperties,namelyballisticconductivity,highvarietyofmeanings,rangingfromlighter,higherenergystorageelasticity,veryhighmechanicalstrength,highsurfacearea,capacity,higherselectivity,highersensitivity,lessbrittle,non-2andrapid
9、heterogeneouselectrontransfer.Indeed,notjustpoisonous,
