Challenges in nanomaterials design

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1、ProgvessmMaterralsSrrenreVol42.pp5-21.I997PubhshedbyElsewerScienceLtdPrtntedmGreatBntam0079~6425/97$32.00PII:SOO79-6425(97)00005-4CHALLENGESINNANOMATERIALSDESIGNA.S.Edelstein,*J.S.MurdayandB.B.RathNavalResearchLaboratory,Washington,DC,20375,USACONTENTS1.INTRODUCTION52.ADVAN

2、CESINFABRICATION/PROCESSING52.1BulkFabrication/processing52.2.FilmFabrication/processing63.ADVANCESINCHARACTERIZATION93.1.Tunneling103.1.1.Scanningtunnelingmicroscopy103.1.2.Scanningtunnelingspectroscopy(STS)103.2.FieldEmission123.3.ForceMicroscopy/spectroscopj123.4.Near-ji

3、eldMicroscopylspectroscopj134.PROPERTIES144.I.MechanicalProperties144.2.SurfaceProperties164.3.ElectricTransport,ElectronicandOptrcalProperties164.4.MagneticProperties175.CONCLUSION17ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS18REFERENCES181.INTRODUCTIONWhencrystallinedimensionsarereducedtonanometres

4、izes,newstructuresandpropertiesresult.Becauseofthis,considerableeffortisbeingdevotedtofabricatingnanomaterialstoexploittheirspecialproperties.Herewepresentanoverviewofsomeaspectsoftheseefforts.Thefieldofnanomaterialsisverylargeandcanbeconsideredtoincludeclustersand,infact,a

5、nymaterialhavingananometredimension.Becauseofspacelimitations,noattempthasbeenmadetoprovideacomprehensiveoverview.Arecentbookprovidedsuchanoverview.Althoughthechoiceofmaterialstobediscussedwasofnecessitysubjective,theemphasiswillbeonselectedadvancesinfabricatingandcharacter

6、izingnanomaterialsandtheirproperties.Webeginwithadiscussionofadvancesinfabrication/processingofnanomaterials.2.ADVANCESINFABRICATION/PROCESSING2.1.BulkFabrication/processingAsinallareasofmaterialsresearch,progressinthestudyofnanomaterialsisdependentonhavingnewmaterialsthata

7、reworthyofstudy.Thereisaneedfordifferenttechniques*Towhomcorrespondenceshouldbeaddressed.56ProgressinMaterialsSciencetofabricatethevariouskindsofnanomaterial,includingbulkmaterialcomposedofnanometre-sizedparticles.(2.3)Forexample,thermomechanicalprocessing(anexampleisgiveni

8、nSection4.1)andmechanicalattritioncanbeusedtoproducebulknanomaterials.Vapordeposit