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1、SaberElaydiAnIntroductiontoDifferenceEquationsThirdEditionSaberElaydiDepartmentofMathematicsTrinityUniversitySanAntonio,Texas78212USAEditorialBoardS.AxlerF.W.GehringK.A.RibetMathematicsDepartmentMathematicsDepartmentDepartmentofSanFranciscoStateEastHallMathematicsUniversityUniversityofMichiganUnive
2、rsityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco,CA94132AnnArbor,MI48109atBerkeleyUSAUSABerkeley,CA94720-3840USAMathematicsSubjectClassification(2000):12031LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataElaydi,Saber,1943–Anintroductiontodifferenceequations/SaverElaydi.—3rded.p.cm.—(Undergraduatetextsinmathematics)Incl
3、udesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN0-387-23059-9(acid-freepaper)1.Differenceequations.I.Title.II.Series.QA431.E432005515′.625—dc222004058916ISBN0-387-23059-9Printedonacid-freepaper.©2005SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,Inc.Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwitho
4、utthewrittenpermissionofthepublisher(SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,Inc.,233SpringStreet,NewYork,NY10013,USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsinconnec-tionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysis.Useinconnectionwithanyformofinforma-tionstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmet
5、hodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden.Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,eveniftheyarenotidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubjecttoproprietaryrights.PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.(MV)987654321SPIN1095
6、0678springeronline.comPrefacetotheThirdEditionIncontemplatingthethirdedition,Ihavehadmultipleobjectivestoachieve.Thefirstandforemostimportantobjectiveistomaintaintheac-cessibilityandreadabilityofthebooktoabroadreadershipwithvaryingmathematicalbackgroundsandsophistication.Moreproofs,moregraphs,moreex
7、planations,andmoreapplicationsareprovidedinthisedition.Thesecondobjectiveistoupdatethecontentsofthebooksothatthereaderstaysabreastofnewdevelopmentsinthisvitalareaofmathematics.Recentresultsonlocalandglobals